第09章 传道人的道德规范
§1
第09章 传道人的道德规范
§2
Chapter 9—Ministerial Ethics
§3
我们应当成为我们所讲之道的活榜样——我们应当恳切寻求上帝。作为宣讲福音的上帝传道人，我们应当把这些伟大的真理融入我们的日常生活，并且表明我们是所讲之道活的榜样——将实际的敬虔融入我们日常的生活当中。这样，我们无论何往，都会成为一种能力。--1SAT63.{PaM 55.1}[1]
§4
We should be living examples of what we preach—We shall seek God earnestly, and as ministers of God preaching the gospel, we should carry these great truths into our daily lives, and show that we are living examples of what we preach—that we are carrying into our everyday life practical godliness—then wherever we go we will be a power.—Sermons and Talks, 1:63.?{PaM 55.1}[1]
§5
讲道时一种样子，生活中却是另一种样子的传道人是披着羊皮的狼——他们佩戴着基督的徽章，却在服侍主最恶劣的仇敌，不听命令，“凡称呼主名的人，总要离开不义”（提后2:19）。基督清楚地指出，这等教师如同披着羊皮的狼。他们谈论恩典，宣讲恩典，显然他们也祈求恩典，但是他们心中却没有基督的恩典。这样的传道人在讲台上可能显得很优秀；但他们下了讲台，就用不义的行径破坏自己话语的力量，证明自己是罪恶的执事，披着羊皮的狼。--ST1892.7.18{PaM 55.2}[2]
§6
Ministers who preach one way and live another are wolves in sheep’s clothing—Wearing the insignia of Christ, they serve the Lord’s worst enemy, and heed not the injunction, “Let everyone that nameth the name of Christ depart from iniquity.” Christ plainly states that this class of teachers are as wolves in sheep’s clothing. They talk of grace, they preach of grace, apparently they pray for grace; but they have not the grace of Christ in their hearts. In the pulpit such ministers may appear to be excellent; but they destroy the force of their words when out of the pulpit by such a course of iniquity that they prove themselves to be ministers of sin, wolves in sheep’s clothing.—The Signs of the Times, July 18, 1892.?{PaM 55.2}[2]
§7
传道人要向别人说明真理已为他有所成就--年轻的传道人，和曾经是传道人的人，若在态度上一直是粗鲁无礼的，在言谈表情上不是完全谦虚纯洁的，就不适于从事这工作，除非他们给出完全悔改的证据。说一句欠考虑的话所造成的伤害可能比他们所举办的一系列聚会带来的益处还多。他们离开了应该总是高举的真理的标准，在社会面前将之降到了尘埃。他们所带领悔改的人通常达不到比传道人为他们举起的标准更高的标准。站在活人和死人中间的人应当是完全公义的人。传道人不应片刻丢掉戒备。他是在作工提高别人，把他们带上真理的立场。他要向别人说明真理已为他有所成就。--1T445.{PaM 55.3}[3]
§8
Let ministers show to others that the truth has done something for them—Young preachers, and men who have once been ministers, who have been coarse and rough in their manners, making expressions in their conversation which were not perfectly modest and chaste, are not fit to engage in this work until they give evidence of an entire reform. One word spoken unadvisedly may do more harm than a series of meetings held by them will do good. They leave the standard of truth, which should be ever exalted, lowered to the dust before the community. Their converts generally come up no higher than the standard raised for them by the ministers. Men who are standing between the living and the dead should be just right. The minister should not be off his guard for a single moment. He is laboring to elevate others by bringing them up upon the platform of truth. Let him show to others that the truth has done something for him.—Testimonies for the Church 1:445.?{PaM 55.3}[3]
§9
传道人的成功有赖于他们的举止--敬虔，忠心，圣洁的人，在自己每日的生活中实行自己所传讲的，他们会发挥救人的感化力。讲台上所做有力的讲道可能会影响人心；但传道人在讲台外的一点不谨慎，在言谈和真敬虔上有失庄严，就会抵消他的影响，消除他所留下的好印象。悔改的人就会成为他的人；在许多情况下，他们不会升到比他们的传道人更高的标准。他们心中不会有彻底的工作。他们没有悔改归向上帝。所做的工作是表面的。他们的影响会给那些真心寻求主的人造成伤害。{PaM 55.4}[4]
§10
The success of ministers depends on their deportment—Godly men, faithful, holy men, who carry out in their everyday life that which they preach,?{PaM 55.4}[4]
§11
传道人的成功在很大的程度上有赖于他讲台以外的行为。当他停止讲道离开讲台时，他的工作并没有结束，而只是开始。他必须实行自己所讲的。他不该行事不慎，而要自守，免得自己做出说出什么使仇敌占便宜的事，给基督的圣工带来羞辱。--1T380.{PaM 56.1}[5]
§12
will exert a saving influence. A powerful discourse delivered from the desk may affect minds; but a little imprudence upon the part of the minister out of the pulpit, a lack of gravity of speech and true godliness, will counteract his influence, and do away the good impressions made by him. The converts will be his; in many instances they will seek to rise no higher than their preacher. There will be in them no thorough heart work. They are not converted to God. The work is superficial, and their influence will be an injury to those who are really seeking the Lord.?{PaM 56.1}[5]
§13
彼得是失足又复原的例子--有些人认为一个人如果失足跌倒了，就不可能再恢复到原来的地位。但我们面前的事实正与此相反。基督在彼得否认祂以前对他说：“你回头以后，要坚固你的弟兄”（路22:32）。祂让他照看祂为之舍命的人，这是基督认可彼得悔改的最有力的证据。他不仅受托牧养大羊，也要牧养小羊，比他以前所做的工作更加广泛和细致。他不但要向人宣讲生命之道，而且要牧养羊群。--5BC1152.{PaM 56.2}[6]
§14
The success of a minister depends much upon his deportment out of the desk. When he ceases preaching, and leaves the desk, his work is not finished; it is only commenced. He must then carry out what he has preached. He should not move heedlessly, but set a watch over himself, lest something that he may do and say be taken advantage of by the enemy, and a reproach be brought upon the cause of Christ.—Testimonies for the Church 1:380.?{PaM 56.2}[6]
§15
主试验我们，看我们能否忠心处理我们中间受尊敬之人的罪恶--我为H长老感到忧愁。他没有给我回信，我因他的缘故深感痛苦。有时我觉得主正试验我们，看我们能否忠心处理我们中间受尊敬之人的罪恶。--TSB185.{PaM 56.3}[7]
§16
Peter an example of one who stumbles and is restored—Some assert that if a soul stumbles and falls, he can never regain his position; but the case before us contradicts this. Before his denial Christ said to Peter, “When thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren.” In committing to his stewardship the souls for whom He had given His life, Christ gave to Peter the strongest evidence of His confidence in his restoration. And he was commissioned to feed not only the sheep, but the lambs—a broader and more delicate work than had hitherto been appointed him. Not only was he to hold forth the Word of life to others, but he was to be a shepherd of the flock.—The S.D.A. Bible Commentary 5:1152.?{PaM 56.3}[7]
§17
【道德规范和同工】
§18
基督的传道人应当同心合意——基督的传道人应当联合起来，同心合意，彼此商量。谁也不应要求他们的弟兄完全按着他们的计划作工。每一个人都应保持自己的个性，为别人的益处效劳，各人看别人比自己强。撒但的工作就是要激起嫉妒和猜忌，疏远感情，削弱信心，使人产生不信任和怀疑。所有这些都阻碍我们在真道上同归于一，为软弱和沮丧的人、为基督的恩典、为罪人的悔改向上帝祈求，从而使我们与那可能归与我们的福惠隔绝。--RH1883.7.10{PaM 56.4}[8]
§19
The Lord tests us to see if we will deal faithfully in regard to sin even in our honored men—I am troubled in regard to Elder H. He writes me nothing, and I feel deeply pained on his account. It seems sometimes to me that the Lord is testing us to see whether we will deal faithfully in regard to sin in one of our honored men.—Testimonies on Sexual Behavior, Adultery, and Divorce, 185.?{PaM 56.4}[8]
§20
脾气虽好，却胆诋毁弟兄名誉的传道人特别危险--有人为他辩护说：“D弟兄是一个好人。他是善良和蔼的模范，随时愿意帮助别人。”D弟兄有许多优秀的品质。他虽没有作讲道人的大才能，但却可成为一个认真忠心的工人。仇敌藉着他对自己的估计进入他的心。要是他没有看自己过于所当看的，他原本不会大胆诋毁弟兄们的名誉。他藉着收集和传播谣言，阻碍了上帝所传给信徒的信息。这信息是上帝赐给祂的传道人，要传给众人，使他们在主的日子站立得住的。他的好脾气使他更加危险；因为那使他有了影响力。人们以为他所说的必是对的。他如果是一个不道德或爱吵架的人，就不会赢得那么多人的信任了。--5T289.{PaM 57.1}[9]
§21
【Ethics and Fellow Pastors】
§22
Ministers of Christ should be of one heart and mind—Ministers of Christ should be united,—of one heart and one mind. They should counsel with one another. None should require their brethren to labor exactly after their plan, but each should preserve his individuality, and all labor for the good of others, esteeming their brethren better than themselves. It is Satan’s work to excite envy and jealousy, to alienate affection, weaken confidence, and engender distrust and suspicion. All this hinders unity of faith in intercession with God for the weak and the desponding, for the grace of Christ, for the conversion of sinners, and thus shuts away the blessing which might be ours.—The Review and Herald, July 10, 1883.?{PaM 56.5}[9]
§23
决不可贬抑传道人，不管其出身如何--居于负责地位的传道人，是上帝所接纳的。不论他们是何出身，不拘他们以前有何地位，农夫也好，木匠也好，或是大学里训练出来的也好；只要蒙了上帝的接纳，我们每个人就该谨慎，不可丝毫非难他们。切不可说贬抑任何人的话；因为在主眼中，他也许为大，同时，自觉为大的人，也许因为心中的执拗，而被上帝看轻。我们唯一的安全保障就是俯伏在十字架的脚下，小看自己，信靠上帝，因为唯有祂有能力使我们为大。--4T607,608.{PaM 57.2}[10]
§24
Ministers who seem amiable and yet abuse the reputations of their brethren, are especially dangerous—The excuse made for him is: “Oh, Brother D is such a good man. He is a pattern of amiability and kindheartedness, and is a ready helper anywhere.” Brother D has many excellent traits of character. He has no great ability as a preacher, but may become an earnest, faithful worker. The enemy has come in through his estimation of himself. Had he not esteemed himself more highly than he should, he would never have dared to use the reputation of his brethren as he has done. By his freedom in gathering up and repeating false reports, he has come in between the people and the message which God has given His ministers to bear to them to fit them to stand in the day of the Lord. His good traits have made him all the more dangerous; for they have given him influence. People have thought that what he said must be so. Had he been an immoral or quarrelsome person, he could not have succeeded in winning the confidence of so many.—Testimonies for the Church 5:289.?{PaM 57.1}[10]
§25
不要模仿别人，上帝已经赐给你资格--上帝从来就没有意思让一个人的判断和计划被视为至高的。祂说，你们是与上帝同工的。任何人都不要压制和阻碍别人。他不要设法把自己的军装穿在他弟兄的身上，因为他还没有试过。……传道人决不要模仿别人的手势，习惯，姿态，表情和语调。他们在思想、感情，思维和统筹全局方面，不要成为任何人的影子。上帝既已让你担任羊群的牧者，祂就把从事这项工作的资格赐给你了。--Ev685.{PaM 57.3}[11]
§26
Never speak disparagingly of ministers regardless of their origin—Our ministers in responsible places are men whom God has accepted. No matter what their origin, no matter what their former position, whether they followed the plow, worked at the carpenter’s trade, or enjoyed the discipline of a college; if God has accepted them, let every man beware of casting the slightest reflection upon them. Never speak disparagingly of any man, for he may be great in the sight of the Lord, while those who feel great may be lightly esteemed of God because of the perversity of their hearts. Our only safety is to lie low at the foot of the cross, be little in our own eyes, and trust in God; for He alone has power to make us great.—Testimonies for the Church 4:607, 608.?{PaM 57.2}[11]
§27
对犯错的传道人，恳劝胜于指责——在对待你传道的弟兄的事上，应遵循上帝之道的教导。保罗说，“不可严责老年人，只要劝他如同父亲；劝少年人如同弟兄”（提前5:1）。我们可能有机会向那些长期从事传道工作的人谈到他们的错误，然而要存着恳劝，而不是责备的态度去做。要劝青年传道人如同弟兄。愿上帝帮助我们，使我们可以彼此帮助。我们必须与上帝有活泼的联络。我们必须藉着圣灵的洗披戴从上头来的能力，使我们可以达到更高的标准；因为再无它法我们可以得着帮助。--RH1892.4.5{PaM 57.4}[12]
§28
Do not copy others. God has given you your own qualifications—God never designed that one man’s judgment and plans should be regarded as supreme. He says, Ye are laborers together with God. Let no man undertake to repress or discourage. Let him not seek to put his armor upon his brother, for he has not proved it.... And the ministers are never to copy any man’s gestures, his habits, his attitude, his expressions, the tones of his voice. They are to become no man’s shadow, in thought, in sentiment, or in devising and executing the great whole. If God has made you a shepherd of the flock, He has given you qualification to do that work.—Evangelism, 685.?{PaM 57.3}[12]
§29
区会不可漠视上了年纪的传道人--我若看到那些身居要职的人忽视上了年纪的传道人，就要向那些有责任照顾他们的人提出这事。已经忠心尽责的传道人在年迈体衰时不可被忘记或忽视。我们的各区会不可漠视那些已在圣工中负过重担之人的需要。约翰是在服侍主已经年迈的时候被放逐到拔摩海岛上的。然而他却在那个孤寂的海岛上得享与上天的交通，比他在一生其它的时间领受的还多。--1SM33,34.{PaM 58.1}[13]
§30
Entreat rather than rebuke ministers in error—Follow the instruction of the Word of God, in dealing with your ministering brethren. Paul says, “Rebuke not an elder, but entreat him as a father, and the younger men as brethren.” There may be occasion to speak of their errors to those who have long been in the ministry, but let it be done as a matter of entreaty, and not rebuke. The younger ministers are to be treated as brethren, and may God help us that we may help one another. We must have a living connection?with God. We must be clothed with power from on high by the baptism of the Holy Spirit, that we may reach a higher standard; for there is help for us in no other way.—The Review and Herald, April 5, 1892.?{PaM 57.4}[13]
§31
不可向背道的人妥协，但要友善的对待他们——我们不要象阿德莱德露营地的反对者那样，向那些为实现撒但的计谋而成为他杰作的人投怀送抱。要传扬真理，发出警告,使人的心灵在上帝面前惊惧痛悔。要作出犀利、清楚的见证。......不可向背道的人妥协，但要友善的对待他们，不让任何人有机会毁谤你的善意。--9MR363.{PaM 58.2}[14]
§32
Conferences should not neglect aged ministers—If I see those in positions of trust neglecting aged ministers, I am to present the matter to those whose duty it is to care for them. Ministers who have faithfully done their work are not to be forgotten or neglected when they have become feeble in health. Our conferences are not to disregard the needs of those who have borne the burdens of the work. It was after John had grown old in the service of the Lord that he was exiled to Patmos. And on that lonely isle he received more communications from heaven than he had received during the rest of his lifetime.—Selected Messages 1:33, 34.?{PaM 58.1}[14]
§33
尽量不要让更多的人知道传道人的错误--往往有时不得不坦白申斥罪恶，及责备过错。然而为同胞人类的得救而服务的传道人，却不应对于彼此的错误严酷无情，或是使缺点在他们的团体中特别显扬。他们不应暴露或申斥其软弱。他们应当省问一下，如果别人用这种做法待他们，会有预期的良好效验吗？这种做法会使人对那显扬其过失者更加敬爱及信任吗？尤其是对于那些参加上帝工作的传道人，他们的过错应当尽量只让最小的范围内知道才好，以免许多软弱的人知道了那作圣经及道理执事的人，也有弱点象别人一样，以至于就有了借口。如果那传道人是被认为值得在日后作救人之工的，若将他的过错公布于一些非信徒之前，则其为害甚巨矣。这样公布罪状没有好处，只有害处。主不喜悦这种作法，因为它要暗地破坏人们对于祂所接纳以推进圣工之人的信任心。作传道人的各位弟兄，应当彼此切心守护同工的品格。上帝说：“不可难为我受膏的人，也不可恶待我的先知”（代上16:22；诗105:15）。应当存爱心及信任心。一个传道人对待别的传道人，若缺乏这种爱心及信任心，他就不能增加那因此不足之人的快乐，他既使弟兄不快乐，自己也是不快乐的。在爱心之中，有更伟大的能力，远超于在责难之中所有的。爱心能冰释前途的障碍，但责难却会关闭了每一通达人心的路径。--3T93.{PaM 58.3}[15]
§34
Make no compromise with those who have apostatized, but treat them kindly—We are not to throw our arms about the men who are Satan’s masterpieces for working out his will, as were the opposers on the campground at Adelaide. Truth is to be proclaimed in warnings that will make hearts tremble in contrition before God. The sharp, clean-cut testimony must be borne.... Make no compromise with those who have apostatized, but treat them kindly, giving no occasion for your good to be evil spoken of.—Manuscript Releases 9:363.?{PaM 58.2}[15]
§35
【道德规范与异性】
§36
要说：“我不愿羞辱我的救赎主”，从而获得道德的力量--你问我是否需要公开认罪。我的答复是不必。一个传道的人竟犯下你这样的罪行，就不要公开出来侮辱我们的主了。这会使传道事工蒙羞。不要以任何方式公开这件事。它会伤害上帝整个的圣工。许多人即便听见这样的事情也会在心中产生不洁的念头。甚至不要对你的妻子提起，以免脏了你的嘴，使她蒙羞受辱而俯首悲伤。你可以到上帝和知道你这段可怕经历的弟兄那里，说你必须说的话，然后在上帝面前为自己献上祷告。要培养自守的习惯；要谨慎虔诚地行在上帝面前。你要对自己说：“我不愿羞辱我的救赎主”，从而获得道德的力量。--TSB128.{PaM 59.1}[16]
§37
Confine minister’s mistakes to as small a group as possible—Frequently there is necessity for plainly rebuking sin and reproving wrong. But ministers who are working for the salvation of their fellow men should not be pitiless toward the errors of one another, nor make prominent the defects in their organizations. They should not expose or reprove their weaknesses. They should inquire if such a course, pursued by another toward themselves, would bring about the desired effect; would it increase their love for, and confidence in, the one who thus made prominent their mistakes? Especially should the mistakes of ministers who are engaged in the work of God be kept within as small a circle as possible, for there are many weak ones who will take advantage if they are aware that those who minister in Word and doctrine have weaknesses like other men. And it is a most cruel thing for the faults of a minister to be exposed to unbelievers, if that minister is counted worthy to labor in the future for the salvation of souls. No good can come of this exposure, but only harm. The Lord frowns upon this course, for it is undermining the confidence of the people in those whom He accepts to carry forward His work. The character of every fellow laborer should be jealously guarded by brother ministers. Saith God: “Touch not Mine anointed, and do My prophets no harm.” Love and confidence should be cherished. A lack of this love and confidence in one minister for another does not increase the happiness of the one thus deficient, but as he makes his brother unhappy?he is unhappy himself. There is greater power in love than was ever found in censure. Love will melt its way through barriers, while censure will close up every avenue of the soul.—Testimonies for the Church 3:93.?{PaM 58.3}[16]
§38
实际的宗教会使其拥有者控制自己的感情--你可能在理智上相信真理，但仍有工作摆在你面前，就是要使你人生的每一个行动和你内心的每一个情绪都与你的信仰相和谐。基督在受难前为祂门徒所做的祈祷是：“求祢用真理使他们成圣；祢的道就是真理”（约17:17）。真理的感化力应该不仅仅影响悟性，也要影响内心和生活。真正、实际的宗教会使其拥有者控制自己的感情。--4T371.{PaM 59.2}[17]
§39
【Ethics and the Opposite Sex】
§40
Acquire moral stamina by saying, “I will not dishonor my Redeemer”—You ask me if you shall make a public confession. I say, No. Do not dishonor the Master by making public the fact that one ministering in the Word could be guilty of such sin as you have committed. It would be a disgrace to the ministry. Do not give publicity to this matter by any means. It would do injustice to the whole cause of God. It would create impure thoughts in the minds of many even to hear these things repeated. Defile not the lips even by communicating this to your wife, to make her ashamed and bow her head in sorrow. Go to God and to the brethren who know this terrible chapter in your experience and say what you have to say, then let prayer be offered to God in your behalf. Cultivate sobriety. Walk carefully and prayerfully before God. Acquire moral stamina by saying, “I will not dishonor my Redeemer.”—Testimonies on Sexual Behavior, Adultery, and Divorce, 128.?{PaM 59.1}[17]
§41
罪就是罪，即使引诱者是传道人--姐妹们若是高尚的且保持心地纯洁，则任何邪行妄念，即使是出自她们的传道人的，也会毫不犹豫地坚决拒绝。人若因为发出引诱声音的是传道人，便听从引诱，因而违背上帝明确的命令还自以为没有犯罪，心思就必被撒但可怕地迷惑。我们岂没有听到约翰的话吗：“人若说‘我认识祂’，却不遵守祂的诫命，便是说谎话的，真理也不在他心里了”（约壹2:4）。律法怎么说呢？“不可奸淫。”一个男人若自称遵守上帝圣洁的律法，并且担负圣职，却利用人们对他职位的信任，谋求放纵自己卑鄙的情欲，这一事实本身就足以使一个自称敬虔的女子看明，虽然他的信仰表白高及诸天，出自他的一个不洁的建议却来自假扮成光明使者的撒但。那些这么容易将自己的清白和贞操牺牲在肉体情欲之坛上的人，我无法相信上帝的圣言住在他们心中。--2T457,458.{PaM 59.3}[18]
§42
Practical religion leads its possessor to control the affections—You may intelligently believe the truth, but the work is still before you to bring every action of your life and every emotion of your heart into harmony with your faith. The prayer of Christ for His disciples just prior to His crucifixion was: “Sanctify them through Thy truth: Thy word is truth.” The influence of the truth should affect not merely the understanding, but the heart and life. Genuine, practical religion will lead its possessor to control his affections.—Testimonies for the Church 4:371.?{PaM 59.2}[18]
§43
决不要利用信徒对你们的信任--传道人若如此利用信徒对他们的信任心，引人到了灭亡的地步，则他们传道的地位越高，就使自己比一般普通罪人的罪也越重。在上帝的日子，天上的总账簿揭开之时，就必见到有许多的传道人名列其上，记明他们曾伪装内心和生活的纯正，并自称受托有基督的福音，而其实却是利用其职位之便利，去诱惑人干犯上帝的律法。--5T143.{PaM 60.1}[19]
§44
Sin is sin even when the seducer is a minister—If the sisters were elevated and possessing purity of heart, any corrupt advances, even from their minister, would be repulsed with such positiveness as would never need a repetition. Minds must be terribly befogged by Satan when they can listen to the voice of the seducer because he is a minister, and therefore break God’s plain and positive commands and flatter themselves that they commit no sin. Have we not the words of John: “He that saith, I know Him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him”? What saith the law? “Thou shalt not commit adultery.” When a man professing to keep God’s holy law, and ministering in sacred things, takes advantage of the confidence his position gives him and seeks to indulge his base passions, this fact should of itself be sufficient to make a woman professing godliness to see that, although his profession is as exalted as the heavens, an impure proposal coming from him is from Satan disguised as an angel of light. I cannot believe that the Word of God is abiding in the?hearts of those who so readily yield up their innocency and virtue upon the altar of lustful passions.—Testimonies for the Church 2:457, 458.?{PaM 59.3}[19]
§45
犯第七诫的传道人不可担任灵魂的监护人--我对这些羊群牧人的希望缺乏可靠的根据。仁慈的上帝已容忍了他们多年，督责，警告，恳劝他们，但他们隐藏了罪恶的道路，继续行在其中，藉着淫乱违抗天上上帝的律法。我们在尽到了改变他们的一切努力之后，可以任凭他们恐惧战兢作成自己得救的工夫。但决不可把看护人心灵的职责托付他们。他们是假牧人！这些多年从事圣工的人，在享有伟大的经验和特别的亮光之后，怎么能在主面前败坏自己的行为呢？--TM428.{PaM 60.2}[20]
§46
Never take advantage of the confidence your people place in you—When ministers thus take advantage of the confidence the people place in them and lead souls to ruin, they make themselves as much more guilty than the common sinner as their profession is higher. In the day of God, when the great Ledger of Heaven is opened, it will be found to contain the names of many ministers who have made pretensions to purity of heart and life and professed to be entrusted with the gospel of Christ, but who have taken advantage of their position to allure souls to transgress the law of God.—Testimonies for the Church 5:143.?{PaM 60.1}[20]