第47章 马丁路德
§1
第47章 马丁路德
§2
Chap. 47 - Luther and the Great Reformation
§3
在一切蒙召引领教会脱离教皇制度的黑暗而走向更纯洁之信仰的人中，马丁路德是站在最前列的。他是一个火热，殷切，忠实的人。除了上帝之外，他别无畏惧。除了圣经之外，他不承认任何其他标准为宗教信仰的基础。路德确是当时代所需要的人物。藉着他，上帝在改革教会和光照全世界的事上，成就了一番伟大的工作。{SR 340.1}[1]
§4
FOREMOST among those who were called to lead the church from the darkness of popery into the light of a purer faith, stood Martin Luther. Zealous, ardent, and devoted, knowing no fear but the fear of God, and acknowledging no foundation for religious faith but the Holy Scriptures, Luther was the man for his time; through him, God accomplished a great work for the reformation of the church and the enlightenment of the world. {SR 340.1}[1]
§5
有一天路德在大学的图书馆里翻阅图书，偶然发现了一本拉丁文圣经。他固然在礼拜聚会时听过领会的人朗诵福音书和新约书信中的几段话，但他以为这几段话就是圣经的全部内容了。这时是他平生第一次看到一部完整的圣经。于是他心中百感交集，恭敬而惊奇地逐页翻阅。他思潮起伏，情不自禁地亲自读到了生命之道。他一面读着，一面感叹道：“惟愿上帝给我这样一本书作我自己的宝贝！”有天上的使者在他身边，并有从上帝宝座那里来的亮光向他的悟性照明真理的宝藏。固然，他向来是不敢得罪上帝的；但现在他深深觉悟到自己是一个罪人，这种觉悟是他从来所没有过的。路德由于诚心要摆脱罪担，并与上帝和好，就终于入了修道院，打算终身作修道士。{SR 340.2}[2]
§6
While one day examining the books in the library of the university, Luther discovered a Latin Bible. He had before heard fragments of the Gospels and Epistles at public worship, and he thought that they were the whole of Gods Word. Now, for the first time, he looked upon the whole Bible. With mingled awe and wonder he turned the sacred pages; with quickened pulse and throbbing heart he read for himself the words of life, pausing now and then to exclaim, Oh, if God would give me such a book for my own! Angels of heaven were by his side, and rays of light from the throne of God revealed the treasures of truth to his understanding. He had ever feared to offend God, but now the deep conviction of his condition as a sinner took hold upon him as never before. An earnest desire to be free from sin and to find peacewith God led him at last to enter a cloister and devote himself to a monastic life. {SR 340.2}[2]
§7
路德在每日劳作上所余下来的光阴，他都用来学习，甚至废寝忘餐，专心研读。他所最喜爱研究的乃是圣经。他在修道院里见到一部圣经，是用链锁在墙上的。他便时常到那里去阅读。{SR 341.1}[3]
§8
Every moment that could be spared from his daily duties, he employed in study, robbing himself of sleep, and grudging even the moments spent at his humble meals. Above everything else he delighted in the study of Gods Word. He had found a Bible chained to the convent wall, and to this he often repaired. {SR 341.1}[3]
§9
后来路德被封为神父，又被威丁堡大学聘任为教授，蒙召离开修道院。在大学里，他专心研究原文圣经，又开始讲授圣经，将《诗篇》，福音书和新约书信讲给成群欢喜倾听的人听。那时他已经是很熟悉圣经的了，而且有上帝的恩典在他身上。他的口才吸引了他的听众。他使真理显得清楚有力，使众人感悟而折服，他的热忱熔化了他们的心。{SR 341.2}[4]
§10
Luther was ordained a priest, and was called from the cloister to a professorship in the University of Wittenberg. Here he applied himself to the study of the Scriptures in the original tongues. He began to lecture upon the Bible; and the book of Psalm, the Gospels, and the Epistles were opened to the understanding of crowds of delighted listeners. He was mighty in the Scriptures, and the grace of God rested upon him. His eloquence captivated his hearers, the clearness and power with which he presented the truth convinced their understanding, and his deep fervor touched their hearts. {SR 341.2}[4]
§11
【改革运动的领袖】
§12
由于上帝的安排，他得到一次机会旅行往罗马城去。根据新近颁布的御旨，教皇应许凡是双膝下跪攀登“彼拉多台阶”的人，他们的罪都可以赦免。有一天路德正在攀登这个台阶时，忽然有一个声音象雷霆一样，似乎对他说：“义人必因信得生”（罗1:17）。他立即站了起来，羞愧而惶恐地走了下来。这一节经文在他心上始终没有失去感动力。从那时起，他更清楚地看出，靠自己的行为得救是多么愚妄，并看出自己必须经常信靠基督的功劳。对于罗马教廷的邪恶欺骗，路德的眼睛已经挣开了，而且今后永不会再闭上。当他掉转脚步离开罗马的时候，心也就永远离开罗马了。从那日起，他与罗马之间的距离越来越远，直到他与罗马教会完全决裂为止。{SR 341.3}[5]
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【A Leader in Reforms】
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In the providence of God he decided to visit Rome. An indulgence had been promised by the pope to all who should ascend on their knees what was known as Pilates staircase. Luther was one day performing this act, when suddenly a voice like thunder seemed to say to him, The just shall live by faith! He sprang upon his feet in shame and horror, and fled from the scene of his folly. That text never lost its power upon his soul. From that time he saw more clearly than ever before the fallacy of trusting to human works for salvation, and the necessity of constant faith in the merits of Christ. His eyes had been opened, and were never again to be closed, to the Satanic delusions of the Papacy. When he turned his face from Rome he had turned away also in heart, and from that time the separation grew wider, until he severed all connection with the papal church. {SR 341.3}[5]
§15
路德从罗马回来之后，在威丁堡大学获得神学博士的学位。这时他能比早先更自由地专心研究他所爱的圣经了。他已经发了严肃的誓约，愿意终身专门研究并忠实地传讲上帝的话，而不讲教皇的言论和教训。他已经不再是一个普通的修道士或大学教授，而是正式被任命为讲解圣经的人。他已蒙召作牧人来喂养上帝饥渴慕义的羊群。他坚决地声称，除了那以圣经的权威为基础的教训之外，其他的言论基督徒应当一概拒绝。这句话直接打击到教皇至高权威的基础，并且包含着宗教改革运动的基本原则。{SR 342.1}[6]
§16
After his return from Rome, Luther received at the University of Wittenberg the degree of doctor of divinity. Now he was at liberty to devote himself, as never before, to the Scriptures that he loved. He had taken a solemn vow to study carefully and to preach with fidelity the Word of God, not the sayings and doctrines of the popes, all the days of his life. He was no longer the mere monk or professor, but the authorized herald of the Bible. He had been called as a shepherd to feed the flock of God, that were hungering and thirsting for the truth. He firmly declared that Christians should receive no other doctrines than those which rest on the authority of the Sacred Scriptures. These words struck at the very foundation of papal supremacy. They contained the vital principle of the Reformation. {SR 342.1}[6]
§17
这时路德便挺身而出，要为真理斗争了。他常在讲台上发出诚恳严肃的警告。他向人说明罪恶的可憎性，并教训他们，人类决不能靠自己的行为减轻自己的罪愆或逃避其刑罚。罪人惟有向上帝悔改，并笃信基督，才能得救。基督的恩典是不能用银钱购买的；它乃是白白给人的恩赐。他劝人不要买赎罪券，却要凭着信心仰望钉十字架的救赎主。他叙述了自己过去的痛苦经验，说明自己怎样想靠自己自卑和苦修来获得救恩，结果他还是藉着不看自己而相信基督，才找到了平安和喜乐。{SR 342.2}[7]
§18
Luther now entered boldly upon his work as a champion of the truth. His voice was heard from the pulpit in earnest, solemn warning. He set before the people the offensive character of sin, and taught them that it is impossible for man, by his own works, to lessen its guilt or evade its punishment. Nothing but repentance toward God and faith in Christ can save the sinner. The grace of Christ cannot be purchased; it is a free gift. He counseled the people not to buy indulgences, but to look in faith to a crucified Redeemer. He related his own painful experience in vainly seeking by humiliation and penance to secure salvation, and assured his hearers that it was by looking away from himself and believing in Christ that he found peace and joy. {SR 342.2}[7]
§19
路德的教训在德国普遍地引起了一般有思想之人的注意。从他的讲章和著作中射出亮光来，唤醒并光照了成千的人们。一个活泼的信仰正在代替那长久束缚着教会的死气沉沉的形式主义。百姓对罗马教的迷信逐渐失去了信心。老偏见的屏障渐渐被拆毁了。路德用来试验每一个信条和主张的上帝圣言，正象一把两刃的利剑一直刺入人心。处处有追求属灵长进的愿望；处处有空前饥渴慕义的心情。众人久已仰赖于人为的礼节和地上的中保，这时却以痛悔和信心转向钉十字架的基督了。{SR 343.1}[8]
§20
Luthers teachings attracted the attention of thoughtful minds throughout all Germany. From his sermons and writings issued beams of light which awakened and illuminated thousands. A living faith was taking the place of the dead formalism in which the church had so long been held. The people were daily losing confidence in the superstitions of Romanism. The barriers of prejudice were giving way. The Word of God, by which Luther tested every doctrine and every claim, was like a two-edged sword, cutting its way to the hearts of the people. Everywhere there was awakening a desire for spiritual progress. Everywhere was such a hungering and thirsting after righteousness as had not been known for ages. The eyes of the people, so long directed to human rites and human mediators, were now turning, in penitence and faith, to Christ and Him crucified. {SR 343.1}[8]
§21
路德的作品和他的道理已经散布到基督教世界的每一个国家。改革的工作一直发展到了瑞士和荷兰。路德的作品也传到法国和西班牙。在英国，有人把他的教训看为生命之道而领受。比利时和意大利也得到了这真理。成千的人从死亡般的麻痹状态中醒悟过来，接受这活泼信仰的喜乐和指望。{SR 343.2}[9]
§22
The Reformers writings and his doctrine were extending to every nation in Christendom. The work spread to Switzerland and Holland. Copies of his writings found their way to France and Spain. In England his teachings were received as the word of life. To Belgium and Italy also the truth had extended. Thousands were awakening from their deathlike stupor to the joy and hope of a life of faith. {SR 343.2}[9]
§23
【路德与罗马教廷决裂】
§24
罗马教廷坚决要除灭路德，但上帝作了他的保障。他的教训已经到处传开──“在农民的茅屋里，在修道院中，在贵族的堡垒和各地大学里，以及王家的宫廷内”。同时在各处都有勇敢的人们起来支持他。{SR 343.3}[10]
§25
【Luther Breaks With Rome】
§26
Rome was bent upon the destruction of Luther, but God was his defense. His doctrines were heard everywhere--in convents, in cottages, in the castles of the nobles, in the universities, in the palaces of kings; and noble men were rising on every hand to sustain his efforts. {SR 343.3}[10]
§27
路德写了一封信给德国的皇帝和诸侯，为宗教改革运动辩护。信中论到教皇说：“这个自命为基督的代理人竟敢如此铺张扬厉，甚至其富丽堂皇的场面决非任何皇帝所能及，诚足令人憎恨。这样的人像不像贫穷的耶稣或谦卑的彼得呢？他们竟说教皇是全世界的主！而他所自命代替的基督却说：‘我的国不属这世界。’难道一个代理人所统治的区域可以超出他主人所统治的范围吗”？ {SR 343.4}[11]
§28
In an appeal to the emperor and nobility of Germany in behalf of the Reformation of Christianity, Luther wrote concerning the pope: It is a horrible thing to behold the man who styles himself Christs vicegerent, displaying a magnificence that no emperor can equal. Is this being like the poor Jesus, or the humble Peter? He is, say they, the lord of the world! But Christ, whose vicar he boasts of being, has said, My kingdom is not of this world. Can the dominions of a vicar extend beyond those of his superior? {SR 343.4}[11]
§29
关于大学教育问题，路德写道：“我深恐各地大学若不殷勤努力解释圣经，并把它的真理印刻在青年人的心上，这些机构就要变成地狱的门户了。我劝众人不可把自己的孩子送到一个不以圣经为人生准则的学校内。一个学校里的人若不是经常在研究圣经，那学校至终必要渐渐腐化”。 {SR 344.1}[12]
§30
He wrote thus of the universities: I am much afraid that the universities will prove to be the great gates of hell, unless they diligently labor in explaining the Holy Scriptures, and engraving them in the hearts of youth. I advise no one to place his child where the Scriptures do not reign paramount. Every institution in which men are not unceasingly occupied with the Word of God must become corrupt. {SR 344.1}[12]
§31
这个劝告很快就传遍德国，并在众人身上发挥很大的作用。全国都振奋起来了，而且成群的人都起来拥护宗教改革运动。路德的敌人渴欲复仇，故催促教皇采取决定性的措施来对付他。于是教皇下令，路德的教训必须立即予以制裁。他给路德和他的同人六十天的宽限，如果他们在期满之后尚未反悔，则必被开除教籍。{SR 344.2}[13]
§32
This appeal was rapidly circulated throughout Germany, and exerted a powerful influence upon the people. The whole nation was roused to rally around the standard of reform. Luthers opponents, burning with a desire for revenge, urged the pope to take decisive measures against him. It was decreed that his doctrines should be condemned immediately. Sixty days were granted the Reformer and his adherents, after which, if they did not recant, they were all to be excommunicated. {SR 344.2}[13]
§33
及至教皇的敕令交给路德时，他说：“我鄙视它，我要打倒这敕令，因为它是不虔敬，悖谬的。……这敕令所制裁的乃是基督本身。……我因配为这最神圣的运动受苦而欢喜。现在我已经感到更大的自由，因为我已确知教皇就是那‘敌基督的’，而且教皇的宝座就是撒但的宝座”。 {SR 344.3}[14]
§34
When the papal bull reached Luther, he said: I despise and attack it, as impious, false. . . . It is Christ Himself who is condemned therein. . . . I rejoice in having to bear such ills for the best of causes. Already I feel greater liberty in my heart; for at last I know that the pope is antichrist, and that his throne is that of Satan himself. {SR 344.3}[14]
§35
但罗马教廷的敕令不是不起作用的。牢狱，酷刑和刀剑，毕竟是有力的武器，足以强迫人们服从。各方面的迹象似乎表明，这宗教改革家的运动很快就要结束了。所以许多懦弱迷信之徒一听到教皇的敕令，就战兢不已；虽然众人普遍地同情路德，但也有许多人觉得为改革运动牺牲性命还是不值得的。{SR 344.4}[15]
§36
Yet the word of the pontiff of Rome still had power. Prison, torture, and sword were weapons potent to enforce submission. Everything seemed to indicate that the Reformers work was about to close. The weak and superstitious trembled before the decree of the pope, and while there was general sympathy for Luther, many felt that life was too dear to be risked in the cause of reform. {SR 344.4}[15]