第04章 教育方法
§1
第04章 教育方法
§2
chap. 04 - Methods of Teaching
§3
应当研究对子女的管教－－父母的工作很少按所当行的去行。……父母们：你们有没有研究管教儿女的方法，以便聪明地指导他们的意志和欲望呢？应当教导年幼的卷须缠住上帝，获得支撑。单凭口说做这做那，后来却漠不关心，忘记了自己的要求，儿女也没有认真实行你们的吩咐，这是不够的。应当设法使儿女甘心愉快地顺从你们的吩咐。要教导年幼的卷须缠住耶稣。……要教导他们在人生的小事上求主的帮助，十分留神所当行的微小本分，在家里做好助手。你们如果不教育他们，有一位就会教育他们，因为撒但正伺机在他们的心田播撒稗子。（一）{CG 31.1}[1]
§4
Parental Government to Be a Study.-- The work of the parent is seldom done as it should be. . . . Parents, have you studied parental government that you may wisely train the will and impulse of your children? Teach the young tendrils to entwine about God for support. It is not enough that you say, Do this, or, Do that, and then become utterly regardless and forgetful of what you have required, and the children are not careful to do your commands. Prepare the way for your child to obey your commands cheerfully; teach the tendrils to cling to Jesus. . . . Teach them to ask the Lord to help them in the little things of life; to be wide awake to see the small duties which need to be done; to be helpful in the home. If you do not educate them, there is one who will, for Satan is watching his opportunity to sow the seeds of tares in the heart. {CG 31.1}[1]
§5
凭着爱心镇静地工作－－我的姊妹哪，上帝托付你作母亲的责任了吗？……你应当学习用正确的方法机智地训练自己的孩子，使他们能谨守主的道。你们需要不断地追求心灵和思想的最高修养，使你们在教育和训练自己的儿女时，能表显出平静的态度和仁爱的心，把纯洁的愿望灌输在他们心中，培养他们喜爱诚实纯净圣洁的事物。你既是上帝的卑微儿女，在基督的学校里学习，就要不断设法改进自己的能力，使你们能借着言传身教在家中作出最完美、最周到的工作。（二）{CG 31.2}[2]
§6
Approach Task With Restful Spirit and Loving Heart.--My sister, has God entrusted you with the responsibilities of a mother? . . . You need to learn right methods and acquire tact for the training of your little ones, that they may keep the way of the Lord. You need to seek constantly the highest culture of mind and soul, that you may bring to the education and training of your children a restful spirit, a loving heart; that you may imbue them with pure aspirations, and cultivate in them a love for things honest and pure and holy. As a humble child of God, learn in the school of Christ; seek constantly to improve your powers, that you may do the most perfect, thorough work at home, by both precept and example. {CG 31.2}[2]
§7
态度镇定温和的效果－－很少人认识到态度镇定温和即便在养育婴儿上所产生的效果。性躁心急的母亲或保姆会使怀中的婴儿动怒，而温和镇静的态度则会安抚孩子的神经。（三）
§8
The Effect of a Quiet, Gentle Manner.--Few realize the effect of a mild, firm manner, even in the care of an infant. The fretful, impatient mother or nurse creates peevishness in the child in her arms, whereas a gentle manner tends to quiet the nerves of the little one. {CG 32.1}[3]
§9
要对理论进行试验－－如果不把所学到的知识运用到实际生活中，书本学习就没有什么益处。如果不经过思考和辨别，即使是别人最有价值的建议也不要采纳。这些建议未必同样适合每一个母亲的情况，或家中每一个孩子特别的性格或脾气。母亲应当细心研究别人的经验，注意他们的方法与她自己的方法有何不同，并对那些看来真有价值的进行细心试验。（四）{CG 32.2}[4]
§10
Theories Are to Be Tested.--The study of books will be of little benefit, unless the ideas gained can be carried out in practical life. And yet the most valuable suggestions of others should not be adopted without thought and discrimination. They may not be equally adapted to the circumstances of every mother, or to the peculiar disposition or temperament of each child in the family. Let the mother study with care the experience of others, note the difference between their methods and her own, and carefully test those that appear to be of real value. {CG 32.2}[4]
§11
古时所用的方法－－以色列民中的忠心的人从一开始非常注意教育问题。上帝指示从儿童尚在襁褓的时候起，就要教育他们有关祂的良善和伟大，尤其是依据祂的律法和以色列人的历史。藉着唱诗，祈祷，和适于启蒙的圣经课程，父母要教育儿女明白，上帝的律法是祂品格的表达。当他们在心中接受这律法的原则时，上帝的形像就会显示在他们的心灵里。在学校和家庭里，教授的方法大多是用口传的。但青年人也学习阅读希伯来文的作品。旧约圣经的皮卷是他们研究的资料。（五）{CG 32.3}[5]
§12
Methods Employed in Ancient Times.--From the earliest times the faithful in Israel had given much attention to the matter of education. The Lord had directed that the children, even from babyhood, should be taught of His goodness and His greatness, especially as revealed in His law and shown in the history of Israel. Through song and prayer, and lessons from the Scriptures, adapted to the opening mind, fathers and mothers were to instruct their children that the law of God is an expression of His character, and that as they received the principles of the law into the heart, the image of God was traced on mind and soul. In both the school and the home, much of the teaching was oral, but the youth also learned to read the Hebrew writings; and the parchment rolls of the Old Testament Scriptures were open to their study. {CG 32.3}[5]
§13
慈爱亲切的教导－－父母特殊的工作就是慈爱亲切地教导儿女。他们要表明自己身为父母负有管教指导的责任，而不是听命于儿女。他们要教导；儿女则必须顺从。（六）{CG 33.1}[6]
§14
Teach With Kindliness and Affection.--It is the special work of fathers and mothers to teach their children with kindliness and affection. They are to show that as parents they are the ones to hold the lines, to govern, and not to be governed by their children. They are to teach that obedience is required of them. {CG 33.1}[6]
§15
好动的精神自然会使孩子们顽皮；活泼的思想若不用在更好的事上，就会关注撒但的建议。儿童……必须受教，被引到安全的路上，脱离罪恶，被爱心所争取，养成行善的习惯。（七）{CG 33.2}[7]
§16
The restless spirit naturally inclines to mischief; the active mind, if left unoccupied with better things, will give heed to that which Satan may suggest. The children need . . . to be instructed, to be guided in safe paths, to be kept from vice, to be won by kindness, and be confirmed in well-doing. {CG 33.2}[7]
§17
父母们哪，你们有一项严肃的工作要做。你们儿女的永远得救有赖于你们的行动方针。你们要怎样成功地教育自己的儿女呢？不是藉着斥责，因为那是无济于事的。要与儿女谈话，就象你们信任他们的理智一样。要仁慈、温柔、亲爱地对待他们。告诉他们上帝希望他们做什么。告诉他们上帝希望把他们教育和训练成与祂同工的人。你们在尽自己的本分时，就能信赖主尽祂的本分。（八）{CG 33.3}[8]
§18
Fathers and mothers, you have a solemn work to do. The eternal salvation of your children depends upon your course of action. How will you successfully educate your children? Not by scolding, for it will do no good. Talk to your children as if you had confidence in their intelligence. Deal with them kindly, tenderly, lovingly. Tell them what God would have them do. Tell them that God would have them educated and trained to be laborers together with Him. When you act your part, you can trust the Lord to act His part. {CG 33.3}[8]
§19
用功夫与说理－－每一个母亲应当用功夫与儿女说理，矫正他们的错误，耐心教导他们走正路。（九）?{CG 33.4}[9]
§20
Take Time to Reason.--Every mother should take time to reason with her children, to correct their errors, and patiently teach them the right way. {CG 33.4}[9]
§21
改善教育方法－－我们应当非常关心青年教育，改善教育方法，来唤起人心中的崇高能力。……但是，认识人心最根本的需要，知道如何指导青年发展智力，提高思想和感情的人，真是寥若晨星。（十）{CG 33.5}[10]
§22
Vary the Manner of Instruction.--The greatest care should be taken in the education of youth, to vary the manner of instruction so as to call forth the high and noble powers of the mind. . . . There are very few who realize the most essential wants of the mind, and how to direct the developing intellect, the growing thoughts and feelings of youth. {CG 33.5}[10]
§23
在户外教导初步课程－－母亲们，要让小孩子在大自然中玩耍，倾听鸟儿的歌声，学习上帝在祂美丽创作中所显示的爱心。要从大自然的课本，和他们周围的事物中，教导他们简单的课题。当他们的心智稍有扩展的时候，就可以增加书本的功课，使他们牢牢记住。（十一）{CG 34.1}[11]
§24
Teach the First Lessons in the Out-of-doors.-- Mothers, let the little ones play in the open air; let them listen to the songs of the birds and learn the love of God as expressed in His beautiful works. Teach them simple lessons from the book of nature and the things about them; and as their minds expand, lessons from books may be added and firmly fixed in their memory. {CG 34.1}[11]
§25
因此，耕耘是儿童和青少年一项有益的工作，会使他们直接接触自然界和自然界的上帝。我们的学校，应尽可能地开辟大规模的花园和农场，使学生能获得这方面的好处。{CG 34.2}[12]
§26
The cultivation of the soil is good work for children and youth. It brings them into direct contact with nature and natures God. And that they may have this advantage, there should be, as far as possible, in connection with our schools, large flower gardens and extensive lands for cultivation. {CG 34.2}[12]
§27
在这样的环境中实行教育，是符合上帝有关教育青年的指示的。……{CG 34.3}[13]
§28
An education amid such surroundings is in accordance with the directions which God has given for the instruction of youth. . . . {CG 34.3}[13]
§29
尤其对于那些因绞尽脑汁记忆课本内容，而用脑过度的人，这种变化非常可贵。研究大自然，可以使他获得快乐和健康。其中的教训，必使他铭记不忘，因为这些教训，已与他经常看见的事物联系在一起。（十二）{CG 34.4}[14]
§30
To the nervous child or youth, who finds lessons from books exhausting and hard to remember, it will be especially valuable. There is health and happiness for him in the study of nature; and the impressions made will not fade out of his mind, for they will be associated with objects that are continually before his eyes. {CG 34.4}[14]
§31
功课要简短有趣－－父母若充分履行自己的职责，令上加令，例上加例，使功课简短有趣，不仅言传，而且身教，主就会与他们的同工，使他们成为有效的教师。（一三）?{CG 34.5}[15]
§32
Make Lessons Short and Interesting.--When parents thoroughly act their part, giving them line upon line, and precept upon precept, making their lessons short and interesting, and teaching them not only by precept but by example, the Lord will work with their efforts and make them efficient teachers. {CG 34.5}[15]
§33
“说得简单;并要常说。”－－教导孩童的人应该避免冗长乏味的谈论。简短而中肯的谈论会有一种快乐的影响。如果要说的内容很多，不妨提纲挈领地常常提起。几句有趣的话，不时地提出，会比一次把话笼统说完，有更大的益处。长篇演说是孩童小小的脑筋负担不起的。话说得太多，即使是属灵的训诲，也会引起他们的厌恶，犹如饮食过多，使胃负担太重，减少了食欲，以致对食物见而生厌一样。人们的脑筋也可能因充斥太多的演说而麻木。（十四）{CG 34.6}[16]
§34
Say It Simply; Say It Often.--Those who instruct children should avoid tedious remarks. Short remarks and to the point will have a happy influence. If much is to be said, make up for briefness by frequency. A few words of interest, now and then, will be more beneficial than to have it all at once. Long speeches burden the small minds of children. Too much talk will lead them to loathe even spiritual instruction, just as overeating burdens the stomach and lessens the appetite, leading even to a loathing of food. The minds of the people may be glutted with too much speechifying. {CG 34.6}[16]
§35
鼓励独立思考－－儿童和青少年一方面可以从教师和课本那里学习实际的知识，一方面也能自己学到教训，认识真理。在他们从事园艺的时候，可以询问他们从照看植物中得到什么教训。当他们观赏美丽的风景时，可以询问他们上帝为什么让田野和森林披上各种美丽的色彩。为什么不使万物都披上深褐色呢？他们采集花朵的时候，可以引导他们思考上帝为什么从伊甸园给我们留下了这些美丽的花木。要教导他们注意大自然各处的证据，证明上帝顾念我们，使万物都奇妙地适应我们的需要和快乐。（十五）{CG 35.1}[17]
§36
Encourage Independent Thinking.--While the children and youth gain a knowledge of facts from teachers and textbooks, let them learn to draw lessons and discern truth for themselves. In their gardening, question them as to what they learn from the care of their plants. As they look on a beautiful landscape, ask them why God clothed the fields and woods with such lovely and varied hues. Why was not all colored a somber brown? When they gather the flowers, lead them to think why He spared us the beauty of these wanderers from Eden. Teach them to notice the evidences of everywhere manifest in nature of Gods thought for us, the wonderful adaptation of all things to our need and happiness. {CG 35.1}[17]
§37
指导儿童活动－－父母们不要认为需要抑制儿童的活动。但他们必须明白，必须朝着正确合适的方向引导训练他们。这些活泼的欲望就象是葡萄藤，若放任自流，就攀过残干树丛，将卷须缠在低矮的支架上。如果不把葡萄藤引到合适的支架上，就会浪费其生命力。孩子也是这样。他们的活动应当引导到正确的方向。要让他们的双手和头脑有事情可做，使他们的体力和智力获得进步。（十六）?{CG 35.2}[18]
§38
Direct Childhood Activity.--Parents need not feel that it is necessary to repress the activity of their children, but they are to understand that it is essential to guide and train them in right and proper directions. These active impulses are like the vines, that, if untrained, will run over every stump and brush, and fasten their tendrils upon low supports. If the vines are not trained about some proper support, they waste their energies to no purpose. So it is with children. Their activities must be trained in the right direction. Give their hands and minds something to do that will advance them in physical and mental attainments. {CG 35.2}[18]
§39
要尽早教导孩子服务的教训－－要尽早教导孩子服务的教训。孩子的体力和推理的能力一旦充分发育，就要让他履行家庭的职责。要鼓励他设法帮助父母，培养克己自制的精神，把别人的快乐和便利放在自己的前面，寻找机会帮助兄弟姐妹和玩伴，善待年老患病和贫穷可怜的人，使他们心中快乐。一个家庭越充满真正服务的精神，这种精神也就更美满地在儿童的生活中培育。他们必学会在为人谋福利的服务和牺牲中找到快乐。（十七）{CG 36.1}[19]
§40
Teach Helpfulness at an Early Age.--Very early the lesson of helpfulness should be taught the child. As soon as strength and reasoning power are sufficiently developed, he should be given duties to perform in the home. He should be encouraged in trying to help father and mother, encouraged to deny and to control himself, to put others happiness and convenience before his own, to watch for opportunities to cheer and assist brothers and sisters and playmates, and to show kindness to the aged, the sick, and the unfortunate. The more fully the spirit of true ministry pervades the home, the more fully it will be developed in the lives of the children. They will learn to find joy in service and sacrifice for the good of others. {CG 36.1}[19]
§41
父母们：要帮助儿女忠实地履行他们作为家庭成员的实际本分，遵行上帝的旨意。这将给予他们最宝贵的经验，教导他们不以自己为思想的中心，寻欢作乐。要耐心地教育他们在家庭的范围内里尽自己的本分。（十八）{CG 36.2}[20]
§42
Parents, help your children to do the will of God by being faithful in the performance of the duties which really belong to them as members of the family. This will give them a most valuable experience. It will teach them that they are not to center their thoughts upon themselves, to do their own pleasure, or to amuse themselves. Patiently educate them to act their part in the family circle. {CG 36.2}[20]
§43
以小心翼翼、往往重复的关照来塑造品格－－作父母的啊！你们在教养儿女的事上，要研究上帝在自然界中所赐的教训。如果你要修剪一棵石竹，一枝玫瑰，或一盆百合花，试问你将怎样下手呢？你可以请教一位园艺家，问他用什么方法使枝叶欣欣向荣，长得匀称可爱。他会告诉你，这不是用粗鲁的动作和和猛烈的手段而成的，因为这样只会折断那柔嫩的枝条。他是小心翼翼地加以照料，而且往往重复施行。他用水滋润了泥土，保护了那正在生长的枝叶，不受暴风的袭击或烈日的摧残，然后上帝才使他们生长茂盛，开放可爱的花朵。你们对待儿女，要效法园艺家的方法。要用柔和的动作，慈爱的抚育，按着基督品德的样式来塑造他们的品格。（十九）{CG 36.3}[21]
§44
Fashion Character by Little Attentions, Often Repeated.--Parents, in the training of your children, study the lessons that God has given in nature. If you would train a pink, or rose, or lily, how would you do it? Ask the gardener by what process he makes every branch and leaf to flourish so beautifully, and to develop in symmetry and loveliness. He will tell you that it was by no rude touch, no violent effort; for this would only break the delicate stems. It was by little attentions, often repeated. He moistened the soil and protected the growing plants from the fierce blasts and from the scorching sun, and God caused them to flourish and to blossom into loveliness. In dealing with your children, follow the method of the gardener. By gentle touches, by loving ministrations, seek to fashion their characters after the pattern of the character of Christ. {CG 36.3}[21]
§45
要注意小事－－在教育孩童及青年上，在对他们姑息、容纵，溺爱上，人们犯了何等大的错误啊！这使他们变成自私、无能、及在人生小事上不能胜任。他们未受训练执行日常的，也许是微小的本分，以获得品格的力量。……{CG 37.1}[22]
§46
Give Attention to Little Things.--What a great mistake is made in the education of children and youth, in favoring, indulging, and petting them! They become selfish and inefficient, and lack energy in the little things of life. They are not trained to acquire strength of character by the performance of everyday duties, lowly though they may be. . . . {CG 37.1}[22]
§47
人在执行微小的本分上若不忠心，就不配担负重大的工作。品格是逐渐形成的，人在受训练时所付出的精力与功夫，是与其所要成就之事业的大小成正比例的。（二十）{CG 37.2}[23]
§48
No one is qualified for great and important work, unless he has been faithful in the performance of little duties. It is by degrees that the character is formed, and that the soul is trained to put forth effort and energy proportionate to the task which is to be accomplished. {CG 37.2}[23]
§49
有才华的孩子更需要关注－－我们应当使孩子们认识到，他们不是属于自己的，不可随自己的喜好出入穿戴、行为举止。……他们若赋有动人的姿色和难得的才华，就更当注意他们的教育，免得这些资质变成祸根，使他们无法承担今生严肃的实际责任，因着奉承、虚荣和爱出风头，而不能过更高尚的生活。（二一）{CG 37.3}[24]
§50
Talented Children Require Greater Care.--We should imprint upon our childrens minds that they are not their own, to go, and to come, and dress, and act, as they please. . . . If they possess personal attractions and rare natural abilities, greater care should be taken in their education, lest these endowments be turned to a curse, and are so used as to disqualify them for the sober realities of this life, and, through flattery and vanity and love of display, unfit them for the better life. {CG 37.3}[24]
§51
约束不合理的关注和奉承－－不要给孩子太多的关注。应要让他们学会自娱自乐。不要在客人面前炫耀他们的天赋和聪颖。要尽量让他们过天真纯朴的儿童生活。许多孩子张扬、卤莽、无理，主要原因之一就是受到了过多的关注和称赞，在他们面前一再重复他们聪明伶俐的话。尽力不要无故责难，也不要过分奉承称赞。撒但正迫不及待地要在他们幼嫩的心田播撒邪恶的种子。你们切不可帮助他工作。（二二）{CG 37.4}[25]
§52
Refrain From Undue Notice or Flattery.--Give children but little notice. Let them learn to amuse themselves. Do not put them on exhibition before visitors as prodigies of wit or wisdom, but leave them as far as possible to the simplicity of their childhood. One great reason why so many children are forward, bold, and impertinent is they are noticed and praised too much, and their smart, sharp sayings repeated in their hearing. Endeavor not to censure unduly, nor to overwhelm with praise and flattery. Satan will all too soon sow evil seed in their young hearts, and you should not aid him in his work. {CG 37.4}[25]
§53
读给你的孩子们听－－父母们，你们务要尽量获得我们书刊所提供的助益。要花时间读给子女听。……要组成一个家庭读书会，每一个家庭成员都要放下当日忙碌的事务，一起学习。尤其是那些曾爱好读小说和故事的青年，将从家庭的学习晚会中获得益处。（二三）?{CG 38.1}[26]
§54
Read to Your Children.--Fathers and mothers, obtain all the help you can from the study of our books and publications. Take time to read to your children. . . . Form a home reading circle, in which every member of the family shall lay aside the busy cares of the day, and unite in study. Especially will the youth who have been accustomed to reading novels and cheap storybooks receive benefit from joining in the evening family study. {CG 38.1}[26]
§55
“教养”而不是“告诉”－－为将来、为永生而教育和训练儿女的伟大工作，托付给了父母。许多父母似乎以为给小孩子们吃饱穿暖，照世人的标准教育他们，就是尽到了自己的本分。他们太忙于业务和娱乐，没有以教育儿女为他们终生的功课。他们没有努力训练儿女，使他们能运用自己才干来尊荣他们的救赎主。所罗门并没有说:“告诉孩童他所当行的道，就是到老他也不偏离。”而是说:“教养孩童，使他走当行的道，就是到老他也不偏离”（箴22:6）。（二四）{CG 38.2}[27]
§56
Train, Not Tell.--To parents is committed the great work of educating and training their children for the future, immortal life. Many fathers and mothers seem to think that if they feed and clothe their little ones, and educate them according to the standard of the world, they have done their duty. They are too much occupied with business or pleasure to make the education of their children the study of their lives. They do not seek to train them so that they will employ their talents for the honor of their Redeemer. Solomon did not say, Tell a child the way he should go, and when he is old, he will not depart from it. But, Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old, he will not depart from it. {CG 38.2}[27]
§57
自制的教育－－在人类所从事的工作中，最需要关心和智慧的，莫过于适当训练和教育青少年及儿童了。我们在幼年时期所受的影响是最有力有效的。……人的本性是三重的，所罗门所嘱咐的教养，包括体力、智力和道德力的正确发育。要正确地做这项工作，父母和教师必须亲自明白“孩童当行的道。”这除了书本知识或学校的学习之外，还包括实行节制、弟兄般的仁慈和敬虔，履行对我们自己、我们的邻舍和上帝的本分。{CG 39.1}[28]
§58
Educate for Self-control.--No work ever undertaken by man requires greater care and skill than the proper training and education of youth and children. There are no influences so potent as those which surround us in our early years. . . . The nature of man is threefold, and the training enjoined by Solomon comprehends the right development of the physical, intellectual, and moral powers. To perform this work aright, parents and teachers must themselves understand the way the child should go. This embraces more than a knowledge of books or the learning of the schools. It comprehends the practice of temperance, brotherly kindness, and godliness; the discharge of our duty to ourselves, to our neighbors, and to God. {CG 39.1}[28]
§59
训练孩童的原则，不同于训练无理性的动物。畜生只须惯于顺服主人，而孩童却必须受教约束自己。意志必须受训练，去顺从理智和良心的指示。一个孩童可能被训练得象野兽一样，没有自己的意志，他的个性消失于他教师的个性中。这种训练非常不智，后果也很悲惨。受过这样教育的孩童，缺乏坚定和果断。他们未曾受教根据原则行事；他们的理性能力也没有藉运用而强化。应当尽一切可能训练每个孩童自力更生。藉着运用身体的各项功能，他会明白自己的优点和弱点何在。聪明的教师会特别留意加强孩子的软弱之处，使他能养成均衡匀称的品格。（二五）{CG 39.2}[29]
§60
The training of children must be conducted on a different principle from that which governs the training of irrational animals. The brute has only to be accustomed to submit to its master, but the child must be taught to control himself. The will must be trained to obey the dictates of reason and conscience. A child may be so disciplined as to have, like the beast, no will of its own, his individuality being lost in that of his teacher. Such training is unwise, and its effect disastrous. Children thus educated will be deficient in firmness and decision. They are not taught to act from principle; the reasoning powers are not strengthened by exercise. So far as possible, every child should be trained to self-reliance. By calling into exercise the various faculties, he will learn where he is strongest, and in what he is deficient. A wise instructor will give special attention to the development of the weaker traits, that the child may form a well-balanced, harmonious character. {CG 39.2}[29]