第13章 家务的训练
§1
第13章 家务的训练
§2
Chap. 13 - Domestic Training
§3
婚姻的准备乃教育中不可或缺的一部分——男女双方倘若没有一点关于实际家庭生活之义务的认识，就不应该举行婚礼。作妻子的在心志与礼仪方面都当接受训练，俾适于教导将来可能赐与她的子女。[1]
§4
Preparation for Marriage Is an Essential Part of Education.--Upon no account should the marriage relation be entered upon until the parties have a knowledge of the duties of a practical domestic life. The wife should have culture of mind and manners that she may be qualified to rightly train the children that may be given her. {AH 87.1}[1]
§5
有许多妇女们，曾受过良好的教育，曾以优异的成绩毕业于某些学术机构，但对于生活中的实际义务，竟可耻地仍一无所知。她们缺少适当的持家所必不可少，并使家庭幸福的资格。她们也许会谈论到妇女的高尚地位和权利，然而她们自己却远落于妇女真正的范畴之外。[2]
§6
Many ladies, accounted well-educated, having graduated with honors at some institution of learning, are shamefully ignorant of the practical duties of life. They are destitute of the qualifications necessary for the proper regulation of family, and hence essential to its happiness. They may talk of womans elevated sphere and of her rights, yet they themselves fall far below the true sphere of woman. {AH 87.2}[2]
§7
夏娃的每一个女儿都应该获得充分的家事知识，接受家务中各个部门的训练，每位青年女子都应该受到适当的教育，俾在她蒙召担任为妻为母的职分时，能像王后一般治理她自己的辖区。她应有充分的能力教导她的子女，并支配她家中的佣人，倘属必要，她也须亲手操持家务。她应该明了人体的构造和生理卫生的原则，饮食和衣着的事，劳作与消遣之道，以及其他与她家庭福利直接攸关的无数事务，她也应该获得最佳的治疗疾病的知识，俾在子女有病时，可以亲自看护子女，而不必将她的小宝贝完全放在陌生的护士和医生的手中。[3]
§8
It is the right of every daughter of Eve to have a thorough knowledge of household duties, to receive training in every department of domestic labor. Every young lady should be so educated that if called to fill the position of wife and mother, she may preside as a queen in her own domain. She should be fully competent to guide and instruct her children and to direct her servants, or, if need be, to minister with her own hands to the wants of her household. It is her right to understand the mechanism of the human body and the principles of hygiene, the matters of diet and dress, labor and recreation, and countless others that intimately concern the well-being of her household. It is her right to obtain such a knowledge of the best methods of treating disease that she can care for her children in sickness, instead of leaving her precious treasures in the hands of stranger nurses and physicians. {AH 87.3}[3]
§9
对实际有用的劳作一无所知，乃是现今所谓真正的绅士、淑女必须具有的特质，这种观念是与上帝创造人类原有的旨意背道而驰的。闲懒乃是一种罪过，而对于一般的义务懵然不知则是愚妄的后果，在日后的生活中，将成为许多痛苦的悔恨的根由。[4]
§10
The idea that ignorance of useful employment is an essential characteristic of the true gentleman or lady is contrary to the design of God in the creation of man. Idleness is a sin, and ignorance of common duties is the result of folly, which afterlife will give ample occasion to bitterly regret. {AH 88.1}[4]
§11
青年女子视下厨烹饪和操持其他的家务为贱役，因此，许多结了婚且肩负了家庭责任的女子们，很少明白为妻为母者所必须承担的义务是什么。[5]
§12
Young women think that it is menial to cook and do other kinds of housework; and, for this reason, many girls who marry and have the care of families have little idea of the duties devolving upon a wife and mother. {AH 88.2}[5]
§13
对于那些还不知如何照顾他们将要生养的孩子的青年男女，应有法令禁止他们结婚。他们必须懂得怎样治理上帝所赐与的家庭。除非他们明了上帝在他们身体之内所定的律，他们就不会明了他们对上帝或自己所当尽的本分。[6]
§14
It should be a law that young people should not get married unless they know how to care for the children that are brought into their family. They must know how to take care of this house that God has given them. Unless they understand in regard to the laws which God has established in their system, they cannot understand their duty to their God or themselves. {AH 88.3}[6]
§15
家务训练应列入大学课程之内——在我们教会大学就读的青年男女所应受的家庭生活教育，乃是值得特别注意的。凡在教会大学求学的学生，应当受教去担任所指派给他们的工作，并摒除一切怠惰的癖性，这对于品格的建立是极其重要的。他们务须熟悉日常生活中的本分。他们应当受教去彻底而完善地履行家庭中的义务，尽力避免吵闹与混乱。凡事都要规规矩矩的按着次序行。厨房和整个家庭的每一部分，都当保持整洁雅观。书籍应该另置一旁，以便随时取用，而且读书不宜过度，免致忽略了当行的家务。书本的研习不应完全摄夺了心志，以至忽略了全家福乐所系的家庭义务。[7]
§16
Domestic Training Should Be in the College Curriculum.--The education which the young men and women who attend our colleges should receive in the home life is deserving of special attention. It is of great importance in the work of character building that students who attend our colleges be taught to take up the work that is appointed them, throwing off all inclination to sloth. They need to become familiar with the duties of daily life. They should be taught to do their domestic duties thoroughly and well, with as little noise and confusion as possible. Everything should be done decently and in order. The kitchen and all other parts of the building should be kept sweet and clean. Books should be laid aside till their proper season, and no more study should be taken than can be attended to without neglecting the household duties. The study of books is not to engross the mind to the neglect of home duties upon which the comfort of the family depends. {AH 88.4}[7]
§17
在履行这些义务时，必须制胜轻率、疏忽、紊乱等恶习，因为若不加以纠正，这些恶习必渗入生活的各方面，以至破坏了自己一生的效能。[8]
§18
In the performance of these duties careless, neglectful, disorderly habits should be overcome; for unless corrected, these habits will be carried into every phase of life, and the life will be spoiled for usefulness. {AH 89.1}[8]
§19
治家的知识不可或缺——现今有许多消耗学生光阴的枝枝节节的课业，原是不切实用或与幸福无关的；然而最基本的，乃是每个青年应当对于日常职务有彻底的熟识。一个青年女子，在必要时，宁可不学外国语或代数，甚至连钢琴也可以不学，但不可或缺的，就是要学习烹饪美好的饮食，缝制整洁合身的衣服，并有效的处理家中的一切任务。[9]
§20
A Knowledge of Homemaking Is Indispensable.-- Many of the branches of study that consume the students time are not essential to usefulness or happiness, but it is essential for every youth to have a thorough acquaintance with everyday duties. If need be, a young woman can dispense with a knowledge of French and algebra, or even of the piano; but it is indispensable that she learn to make good bread, to fashion neatly fitting garments, and to perform efficiently the many duties that pertain to homemaking. {AH 89.2}[9]
§21
就整个家庭的健康与幸福而言，最要紧的莫过于负责烹调之人的技术与才智。她所预备的膳食若不适当，不合乎卫生，实足阻碍甚至破坏成人的效能及儿童的发育。反之，她若能使饮食既适合身体的需要，同时又悦目可口，则她因行之得当所能收获的利益，也与她行之不当所能造成的害处具有同样的比例。这样，从各方面看来，人生的幸福端在乎忠心担任日常的职务。[10]
§22
To the health and happiness of the whole family nothing is more vital than skill and intelligence on the part of the cook. By ill-prepared, unwholesome food she may hinder and even ruin both the adults usefulness and the childs development. Or by providing food adapted to the needs of the body, and at the same time inviting and palatable, she can accomplish as much in the right as otherwise she accomplishes in the wrong direction. So, in many ways, lifes happiness is bound up with faithfulness in common duties. {AH 89.3}[10]
§23
当注意卫生原理——对于饮食、运动、育儿、护病等，以及许多类似之事的卫生原理，尤应特别地加以注意。[11]
§24
Give Attention to the Principles of Hygiene.--The principles of hygiene as applied to diet, exercise, the care of children, the treatment of the sick, and many like matters should be given much more attention than they ordinarily receive. {AH 89.4}[11]
§25
在研究卫生的时候，热诚的教师必利用每一机会，向学生指明在个人习惯以及一切环境方面，都需要完全清洁。当教导学生知道一间合乎卫生的卧室，一个全然清洁的厨房，和一桌美味适口而富于营养的膳食，较比那布置得不论如何富丽堂皇的客厅，更足以获致家庭的幸福及每一有见识之宾客的赞许。那位神圣的教师在一千八百年前所给予人们的教训：“生命胜于饮食，身体胜于衣裳，”仍是现代所需要的。[12]
§26
In the study of hygiene the earnest teacher will improve every opportunity to show the necessity of perfect cleanliness both in personal habits and in all ones surroundings. . . . Teach the pupils that a healthful sleeping room, a thoroughly clean kitchen, and a tastefully arranged, wholesomely supplied table will go farther toward securing the happiness of the family and the regard of every sensible visitor than any amount of expensive furnishing in the drawing room. That the life is more than meat, and the body is more than raiment [Luke 12:23] is a lesson no less needed now than when given by the divine Teacher eighteen hundred years ago. {AH 90.1}[12]
§27
劝勉一位青年女子养成勤俭的习惯——在你能够安全地缔订婚姻关系以前，你有若干品格上的特性必须严加锻炼并毅然控制。因此，你应该将婚事暂置一旁，直到你克服了品格上的缺点，否则你决不能作一个快乐的家庭主妇。你忽略了训练自己去从事有规律的家庭义务，你也没有认清培养勤俭的习惯的必要性。欣然从事有益的劳作，这样的习惯一旦养成，就永远不会消失了。于是你便预备妥当，可以应付生活上的各种境况，足能承当家庭主妇的职务了。你也须学习爱好活动。你若乐于从事有益的劳作，那么你在专心操作之际，就没有闲暇耽溺于迷离恍惚的梦想之中了。[13]
§28
A Young Lady Counseled to Acquire Habits of Industry.--You have peculiarities of character which need to be sternly disciplined and resolutely controlled before you can with any safety enter the marriage relation. Therefore marriage should be put from your mind until you overcome the defects in your character, for you would not make a happy wife. You have neglected to educate yourself for systematic household labor. You have not seen the necessity of acquiring habits of industry. The habit of enjoying useful labor, once formed, will never be lost. You are then prepared to be placed in any circumstances in life, and you will be fitted for the position. You will learn to love activity. If you enjoy useful labor, your mind will be occupied with your employment, and you will not find time to indulge in dreamy fancies. {AH 90.2}[13]
§29
关于有益的劳作的知识，会使你浮躁不安而不知满足的心意变得有力量，有效能，也会使你具有一种相当令人尊敬的朴质的高贵感。[14]
§30
Knowledge of useful labor will impart to your restless and dissatisfied mind energy, efficiency, and a becoming, modest dignity, which will command respect. {AH 91.1}[14]
§31
实用教育对女子所有的价值——许多人认为男孩子必须受训练，使他将来能养家活口，却似乎认为女孩子应不应该受训练以自食其力，则全在乎她自己的选择了。她在学校里所学到的，很少是能实际用以自谋生计的；而且她在家里既未领受一些厨下的秘传或家事的训练，长大之后必然百无一用，成为她双亲的负累。[15]
§32
Value of Practical Education for Girls.--Many who consider it necessary for a son to be trained with reference to his own future maintenance seem to consider it entirely optional with herself whether or not their daughter is educated to be independent and self-supporting. She usually learns little at school which can be put to practical use in earning her daily bread; and receiving no instruction at home in the mysteries of the kitchen and domestic life, she grows up utterly useless, a burden upon her parents. . . . {AH 91.2}[15]
§33
一个受了教育能自行谋生的妇女，也有资格去照顾别人。无论在家庭中或社会上，她都不致成为一种祸害。万一遭遇不幸，她总能找到一个栖身之所，不但可以光明正大地自食其力，并且还能帮助那些依仗她而生活的人。妇女们都当接受一项职业训练，俾在必要时借以谋生。在其他正当的工作之外，每一个女子都应该学习如何操持家务，她应该是一个厨子、女管家，和缝纫妇。无论她的家境或贫或富，她都应该明了一个家庭主妇所必须知道的一切事务。这样，一旦陷于逆境，她已准备妥善，足以应付任何变故，而大体说来，她便能不为任何环境所左右了。[16]
§34
A woman who has been taught to take care of herself is also fitted to take care of others. She will never be a drug in the family or in society. When fortune frowns, there will be a place for her somewhere, a place where she can earn an honest living and assist those who are dependent upon her. Woman should be trained to some business whereby she can gain a livelihood if necessary. Passing over other honorable employments, every girl should learn to take charge of the domestic affairs of home, should be a cook, a housekeeper, a seamstress. She should understand all those things which it is necessary that the mistress of a house should know, whether her family are rich or poor. Then, if reverses come, she is prepared for any emergency; she is, in a manner, independent of circumstances. {AH 91.3}[16]
§35
家务的知识对于每一位妇女都是无价之宝。有无数家庭的幸福，由于身为主妇与母亲的无能而被破坏无遗了。我们的女儿去学习绘画，刺绣，音乐，甚至于“立方根”，或修辞学等等，都还不如让她们学习怎样裁剪、缝制和修补自己的衣服，或烹调可口而合乎卫生的饮食那么重要。当女孩子满了九岁或十岁的时候，就应该按照她的能力，让她承担家庭中部分应尽的本分，并且她对于自己工作时所表现的态度，也要负相当的责任。有人问一位有见识的父亲对他自己的女儿有何期望时，他回答说：“我打算让她们在自己贤淑的母亲跟前，学习那善用光阴的艺术，以便将来配承担妻子和母亲的重责，作一家的主妇和社会的有用分子。”[17]
§36
A knowledge of domestic duties is beyond price to every woman. There are families without number whose happiness is wrecked by the inefficiency of the wife and mother. It is not so important that our daughters learn painting, fancywork, music, or even cube root, or the figures of rhetoric, as that they learn how to cut, make, and mend their own clothing, or to prepare food in a wholesome and palatable manner. When a little girl is nine or ten years old, she should be required to take her regular share in household duties, as she is able, and should be held responsible for the manner in which she does her work. That was a wise father who, when asked what he intended to do with his daughters, replied, I intend to apprentice them to their excellent mother, that they may learn the art of improving time, and be fitted to become wives and mothers, heads of families, and useful members of society. {AH 91.4}[17]
§37
预备作丈夫的人应具勤俭的美德——从前的风俗，新郎要在订婚的时候，根据他的经济能力给岳父一笔聘金，或者是相等价值的物品，这是作为婚后生活保障的。作父亲的不放心把女儿的幸福，托付给一个没有为家庭经济作适当准备的人。如果对方不是个勤俭的人，既不能经营事业，又未曾置有羊群地产，就可能是个无用之人。但是遇有无力筹措聘金的人，就另有一种试验他们的办法。他们可以为所爱之女子的父亲工作，至于工作时期的长短，则根据所要聘金的多少而定。如果求婚者忠于工作，并在各方面显着合格，他就可以娶那女子为妻；而且按着平常的习惯，父亲所收到的这笔聘金，要在结婚时给他女儿作为嫁妆。[18]
§38
The Prospective Husband Should Be Thrifty and Industrious.--In early times custom required the bridegroom, before the ratification of a marriage engagement, to pay a sum of money or its equivalent in other property, according to his circumstances, to the father of his wife. This was regarded as a safeguard to the marriage relation. Fathers did not think it safe to trust the happiness of their daughters to men who had not made provision for the support of a family. If they had not sufficient thrift and energy to manage business and acquire cattle or lands, it was feared that their life would prove worthless. But provision was made to test those who had nothing to pay for a wife. They were permitted to labor for the father whose daughter they loved, the length of time being regulated by the value of the dowry required. When the suitor was faithful in his services, and proved in other respects worthy, he obtained the daughter as his wife; and generally the dowry which the father had received was given her at her marriage. . . . {AH 92.1}[18]
§39
古时的这个风俗虽然有时候被滥用，像拉班所作的一样，但究竟是产生良好效果的。当求婚者为要得到他的新妇而需要工作时，就可防止一种草率从事的婚姻，而且也有机会可以试验他爱情的深浅，和有无供养一个家庭的能力。今日许多人取了相反的方法，就招致了不良的结果。[19]
§40
The ancient custom, though sometimes abused, as by Laban, was productive of good results. When the suitor was required to render service to secure his bride, a hasty marriage was prevented, and there was opportunity to test the depth of his affections, as well as his ability to provide for a family. In our time many evils result from pursuing an opposite course. {AH 92.2}[19]
§41
无论何人都不该以自己没有理财的能力为借口。对于许多的人，可以这样评论他们说：他是善良、和蔼，也很慷慨的一个好人，是一个基督徒。但在管理他自己的事业方面却并不合格，就金钱的支用而言，简直像小孩子一样。他的父母并未教导他，使他明了并实践自力更生的原则。[20]
§42
No man is excusable for being without financial ability. Of many a man it may be said, He is kind, amiable, generous, a good man, a Christian; but he is not qualified to manage his own business. As far as the outlay of means is concerned, he is a mere child. He has not been brought up by his parents to understand and to practice the principles of self-support. {AH 93.1}[20]