第78章 体力和脑力劳动的适当平衡
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第78章 体力和脑力劳动的适当平衡
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A Proper Balance of Physical and Mental Labor
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（《教会证言》卷三第152-159页，1872年）
§4
人若要得到均衡的心智，身心的一切能力都应加以运用和培养。在这个世界上有许多人只发展某一才能，而同时其他才能则置于不用，以致片面发展。许多青年的教育失败了。他们过度地学习，同时却疏忽了有关实际生活的事。许多男女作了父母，却从未思考过自己的人生责任，结果他们的后代比他们更加软弱。因而人类正在迅速退化。当今的学校不断让人学习，却使青少年不适合实际的生活。人的思想必有行动。行动的方向若不正确，就必是错误的。为了保持心智的均衡，在学校中，劳动与学习必需结合起来。{CH179.1}[1]
§5
[Testimonies for the Church 3:152-159 (1872).]
§6
All the powers of the mind should be called into use and developed, in order for men and women to have well-balanced minds. The world is full of one-sided men and women, who have become such because one set of their faculties was cultivated, while others were dwarfed from inaction. The education of most youth is a failure. They overstudy, while they neglect that which pertains to practical business life. Men and women become parents without considering their responsibilities, and their offspring sink lower in the scale of human deficiency than they themselves. Thus the race is fast degenerating. The constant application to study, as the schools are now conducted, is unfitting youth for practical life. The human mind will have action. If it is not active in the right direction, it will be active in the wrong. In order to preserve the balance of the mind, labor and study should be united in the schools.?{CH 179.1}[1]
§7
过去早就应当扩大教育范围。应有农场和工厂与学校结合，也应当有教授家务劳动的教师。每天都应有一定时间用来从事劳动，使体力和智力均衡地得到操练。如果当初学校按照我们所提出的计划建立，现在就不会有这么多发育不均衡的人了。……{CH179.2}[2]
§8
Provision should have been made in past generations for education upon a larger scale. In connection with the schools should have been agricultural and manufacturing establishments. There should also have been teachers of household labor. And a portion of the time each day should have been devoted to labor, that the physical and mental powers might be equally exercised. If schools had been established upon the plan we have mentioned, there would not now be so many unbalanced minds....?{CH 179.2}[2]
§9
我不禁要问：为了获得学校的教育，必须牺牲我们青年身上所有宝贵的品质吗？如果有工厂和农场与我们的学校相结合，如果我们能用有才干的教师从学习和劳动的各个方面教育青年，每日用一部分时间学习知识，用一部分时间进行体力劳动，世界上就会出现更加高尚的青年人，发挥改造社会的影响。许多学生就会带着稳健的品格从这些学校毕业出来。他们将具有坚韧不拨的勇气来克服障碍。他们决不会因普遍流行的邪恶影响而动摇自己的原则。……{CH179.3}[3]
§10
I have been led to inquire, Must all that is valuable in our youth be sacrificed in order that they may obtain a school education? Had there been agricultural and?manufacturing establishments connected with our schools, and had competent teachers been employed to educate the youth in the different branches of study and labor, devoting a portion of each day to mental improvement and a portion to physical labor, there would now be a more elevated class of youth to come upon the stage of action to have influence in molding society. Many of the youth who would graduate at such institutions would come forth with stability of character. They would have perseverance, fortitude, and courage to surmount obstacles, and such principles that they would not be swayed by a wrong influence, however popular....?{CH 179.3}[3]
§11
我们原应有经验丰富的教师来教导少女烹调的技术。应当教她们如何裁剪和修补、缝纫衣服，使她们受到人生实际职责的教育。还应为男青年设立学习各种手艺的工厂，使他们的肌体和智力都得到锻炼。如果青年人只能接受单方面的教育，那么两者相比——获得一切学科的知识而牺牲健康和生命，与获得实际生活的劳动知识——哪一个更重要呢？我们毫不犹疑地回答说：后者。如果有一项必须舍弃的话，那就舍弃书本的研究。{CH180.1}[4]
§12
Young girls should have been instructed to manufacture wearing apparel, to cut, make, and mend garments, and thus become educated for the practical duties of life. For young men, there should be establishments where they could learn different trades, which would bring into exercise their muscles as well as their mental powers. If the youth can have but a one-sided education, which is of the greater consequence—a knowledge of the sciences, with all the disadvantages to health and life, or a knowledge of labor for practical life? We unhesitatingly answer, The latter. If one must be neglected, let it be the study of books.?{CH 180.1}[4]
§13
有许多已婚成家的女子，对于作妻子作母亲的职务几乎没有什么实际的认识。她们能阅读、能奏乐，却不会烹调。她们不会做美味的餐食，而这对于家庭的健康又是很重要的。她们不会裁剪缝纫，因为她们从来没有学过。她们视这些事为无关紧要的。在她们的婚后生活中，她们和她们的小孩子不得不靠别人来做这些事。由于她们对这些生活上最重要的职责无可原谅的无知，致使许多家庭不幸福。{CH180.2}[5]
§14
There are very many girls who have married and have families, who have but little practical knowledge of the duties devolving upon a wife and mother. They can read and play upon an instrument of music, but they cannot cook. They cannot make good bread, which is very essential to the health of the family. They cannot cut and make garments, for they never learned how. They considered these things unessential, and in their married life they are as dependent upon someone to do these things for?them as are their own little children. It is this inexcusable ignorance in regard to the most needful duties of life which makes very many unhappy families.?{CH 180.2}[5]
§15
认为劳动对时尚生活来说是可耻的，这种观念已经导致成千上万原可活着的人过早地进入了坟墓。那些单单从事体力劳动的人经常劳累过度，不给自己休息的时间；而那些从事脑力劳动的人又用脑过度，因缺少体力劳动能给予他们的健康活力而受苦。如果知识分子愿意稍微分担一下劳动阶级的担子，藉此增强自己的体力，劳动阶级就能减轻负担，抽出一部分时间从事智力和道德方面的培养。那些坐着用脑的人应当进行身体锻炼，即使他们的生计无须靠劳力维持，为了健康，他们应当使体力劳动与脑力劳动相结合{CH181.1}[6]
§16
The impression that work is degrading to fashionable life has laid thousands in the grave who might have lived. Those who perform only manual labor, frequently work to excess without giving themselves periods of rest; while the intellectual class overwork the brain and suffer for want of the healthful vigor that physical labor gives. If the intellectual would to some extent share the burden of the laboring class and thus strengthen the muscles, the laboring class might do less and devote a portion of their time to mental and moral culture. Those of sedentary and literary habits should take physical exercise, even if they have no need to labor so far as means are concerned. Health should be a sufficient inducement to lead them to unite physical with mental labor.?{CH 181.1}[6]
§17
为了造就全面发展的人，德、智、体方面的教育应当互相结合。有些人比别人更适合于从事脑力劳动，有些人则爱从事体力劳动，这两等人都应设法加强他们的不足之处。……{CH181.2}[7]
§18
Moral, intellectual, and physical culture should be combined in order to have well-developed, well-balanced men and women. Some are qualified to exercise greater intellectual strength than others, while others are inclined to love and enjoy physical labor. Both of these classes should seek to improve where they are deficient....?{CH 181.2}[7]
§19
从事脑力劳动的人用脑是过度的。他们经常滥用自己的智力。而另一等人的人生最高目的乃是体力劳动。这等人并没有运用自己的心智。他们的肌体已受到了锻炼，可是脑筋却被剥夺了应有的智力，正如脑力劳动者因疏忽身体锻炼而丧失了体力一样。人若满足于一生从事体力劳动，而让别人为他们动脑筋，自己只知实行别人所计划之事，他们就必有强壮的体力而缺少智力。他们向善的影响就少了。他们若像运用体力一样运用脑力，他们的影响就远不止于此。这等人被疾病袭击时，更易跌倒，因为他们的身体没有被敏锐的脑力所振奋去抵抗疾病。{CH181.3}[8]
§20
The minds of thinking men labor too hard. They frequently use their mental powers prodigally; while there is another class whose highest aim in life is physical labor. The latter class do not exercise the mind. Their muscles are exercised, while their brains are robbed of intellectual strength; just as the minds of thinking men are worked, while their bodies are robbed of strength and vigor by their neglect to exercise the muscles. Those who are content to devote their lives to physical labor, and leave others to do the thinking for them, while they simply carry out?what other brains have planned, will have strength of muscle, but feeble intellects. Their influence for good is small in comparison to what it might be if they would use their brains as well as their muscles. This class fall more readily if attacked by disease. The system is vitalized by the electrical force of the brain to resist disease.?{CH 181.3}[8]
§21
凡赋有良好体力的人应当训练自己善于思考，不要靠别人为他们动脑筋。许多人错误地认为劳动是下等的。因此青年人都非常希望把自己培养成教师、职员、商人、律师，担任那几乎用不着体力劳动的职务。女青年则视家务为低贱的事。虽然家务所要求的体力劳动不太繁重，但有利于增进健康，可是她们却设法培养自己成为老师或职员，或者学会某项技术，使自己能在室内坐着工作。健康的红润之色从他们的脸颊渐渐消失了，疾病缠住了他们，因为他们丧失了体力劳动，他们所培养的大都是不正当的习惯。所有这一切都因为这是时尚！他们喜欢虚弱腐朽的奢华生活。{CH182.1}[9]
§22
Men who have good physical powers should educate themselves to think as well as to act, and not depend upon others to be brains for them. It is a popular error with a large class to regard work as degrading. Therefore young men are very anxious to educate themselves to become teachers, clerks, merchants, lawyers, and to occupy almost any position that does not require physical labor. Young women regard housework as demeaning. And although the physical exercise required to perform household labor, if not too severe, is calculated to promote health, yet they will seek for an education that will fit them to become teachers or clerks, or will learn some trade which will confine them indoors to sedentary employment. The bloom of health fades from their cheeks, and disease fastens upon them, because they are robbed of physical exercise and their habits are perverted generally. All this because it is fashionable! They enjoy delicate life, which is feebleness and decay.?{CH 182.1}[9]
§23
青年女子不愿以家务为业，的确是有理由的，因为雇用厨女的人往往待她们如同奴仆。雇主往往不尊重她们，视她们似乎不配作为家庭的一员，他们没有给予她们与女裁缝、秘书和音乐老师同样的权利。然而没有什么工作比家务更重要的了。熟练的烹调，将合乎卫生的美味食物摆在桌子上，需要知识和经验。一个预备食物给人食用，以致进入人的肠胃，转变为血液而滋养身体的人，乃是处在最重要最高尚的地位上。秘书、裁缝、音乐教师工作的重要性不如厨师。{CH182.2}[10]
§24
True, there is some excuse for young women not choosing housework for employment, because those who hire kitchen girls generally treat them as servants. Frequently their employers do not respect them and treat them as though they were unworthy to be members of their families. They do not give them the privileges they?do the seamstress, the copyist, and the teacher of music. But there can be no employment more important than that of housework. To cook well, to present healthful food upon the table in an inviting manner, requires intelligence and experience. The one who prepares the food that is to be placed in our stomachs, to be converted into blood to nourish the system, occupies a most important and elevated position. The position of copyist, dressmaker, or music teacher cannot equal in importance that of the cook.?{CH 182.2}[10]
§25
上面的论述是一种正确的教育制度原可以做到的。现在想去完成那本应在以往世代完成的工作，实在时间太短促了。但是我们在这末后的日子仍然有大量的工作可做，来纠正青年的教育工作中流行的弊病。并且因为时光短暂，为要给予青年人与我们信仰一致的教育，我们更应当认真而热心地工作。我们是改革者，我们希望自己的儿女在学习中取得最好的成效。为了达到这个目的，应当使他们参加劳动，使他们的身体得到锻炼。每日进行有组织的劳动应成为青年教育的一部分，即使在这末期也当如此。把劳动与我们学校的工作相结合，可以有许多收获。由于实行了这个计划，学生将获得活泼的精神和思想，在学校期间将在知识上比单单进行学习获得更多的进展。他们将带着没有受损的体格离开学校，有力气和勇气去担任上帝可能要他们担任的任何职务。{CH183.1}[11]
§26
The foregoing is a statement of what might have been done by a proper system of education. Time is too short now to accomplish that which might have been done in past generations; but we can do much, even in these last days, to correct the existing evils in the education of youth. And because time is short, we should be in earnest and work zealously to give the young that education which is consistent with our faith. We are reformers. We desire that our children should study to the best advantage. In order to do this, employment should be given them which will call the muscles into exercise. Daily, systematic labor should constitute a part of the education of the youth, even at this late period. Much can now be gained by connecting labor with schools. In following this plan, the students will realize elasticity of spirit and vigor of thought, and will be able to accomplish more mental labor in a given time than they could by study alone. And they can leave school with their constitutions unimpaired, and with strength and courage to persevere in any position in which the providence of God may place them.?{CH 183.1}[11]