一个叫奥克伍德的地方E

§1 关键词语Key Terms

§2 有色人种：这是十九世纪和二十世纪初对非洲裔美国人的流行称呼。在上下文中，有色人种一词不一定有贬低或贬意。{PCO ii.1}

§3 Colored people:?This was the popular designation for African-Americans in the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth century. In context, the term Colored people was not necessarily derogatory or demeaning.?{PCO ii.1}

§4 农场：这个经常使用的词指奥克伍德学校和奥克伍德地产。{PCO ii.2}

§5 Farm:?This frequently used term refers to the Oakwood training school and to the Oakwood property.?{PCO ii.2}

§6 亨茨维尔学校：在奥克伍德这个名字被采纳之前，这所学校一般被称为亨茨维尔学校。{PCO ii.3}

§7 Huntsville School:?Before the name Oakwood was adopted, the school was popularly referred to as the Huntsville School.?{PCO ii.3}

§8 南方圣工：该词指基督复临安息日会向美国南方各州新近得解放的奴隶传福音和教育他们的努力。这项圣工由怀爱伦倡导，她儿子雅各·爱德森在南方园地和更广泛的教会拣选了工人，黑人工人和领袖，如查尔斯·金尼。{PCO ii.4}

§9 Southern cause:?This term refers to the Seventh-day Adventist denominational effort to evangelize and educate the recently freed slaves in the southern part of the United States. This cause was championed by Ellen White, her son James Edson, selected workers in the Southern field and broader church, black workers and leaders like Charles Kinney.?{PCO ii.4}

§10 主要人物Key Individuals

§11 乔治·I·巴特勒(1834-1918)：安息日复临运动的先驱之一，巴特勒曾在教会担任许多职位，最引人注意的是于1871-1874和1880-1888年作总会会长。巴特勒收到的怀爱伦提到奥克伍德学校的信函比其他任何一个人都多。她写这些信函的时候，他担任南方联合会和南方出版协会的会长。{PCO ii.5}

§12 George I. Butler?(1834-1918): One of the pioneers of the Seventh-day Adventist movement, Butler served in many positions in the church, most notably as General Conference president from 1871-1874 and 1880-1888. Butler received more letters from Ellen White than anyone else mentioning the Oakwood School. When she wrote these letters, he was the president of the Southern Union Conference and the Southern Publishing Association.?{PCO ii.5}

§13 亚瑟·G·丹尼尔斯(1858-1935)：长期担任教会工作人员和管理人员，丹尼尔斯曾担任本会好几个关键职位，是基督复临安息日会最具活力的领袖之一。他于1901-1921担任总会会长，比其他任何一个人作会长的年头都多。{PCO ii.6}

§14 Arthur G. Daniells?(1858-1935): Longtime church worker and administrator, Daniells held several key denominational positions and was one of Seventh-day Adventism’s most dynamic leaders. He served as General Conference president from 1901-1921, holding that position longer than anyone else.?{PCO ii.6}

§15 梭伦·M·雅各布斯(1846-1927)：奥克伍德学校首任校长，雅各布斯是来自爱荷华州丰塔内尔的白人。雅各布斯和他的家人于1896年抵达奥克伍德。雅各布斯一家是不知的疲倦的工人，尽一切可能保持学校的运转。雅各布斯担任校长一年，然后担任农场领班直到1902年。{PCO ii.7}

§16 Solon M. Jacobs?(1846-1927): The first principal of the Oakwood School, Jacobs was a white man from Fontanelle, Iowa. Jacobs and his family arrived at Oakwood in 1896. The Jacobs’ were tireless workers, doing anything and everything possible to keep the school running. Jacobs stayed on as principal one year, then served as the farm foreman until 1902.?{PCO ii.7}

§17 本杰明·E·尼古拉(1856-1943)：在1899-1904年担任奥克伍德校长，尼古拉是首位担任校长超过两年的人。（继任的两位校长任期都不会超过两年。）学校在他的任期取得了长足的进步，但他却愿意接受怀夫人关于他任期的责备。{PCO ii.8}

§18 Benjamin E. Nicola?(1856-1943): Oakwood’s principal from 1899-1904, Nicola was the first principal to serve for longer than two years. (The two subsequent presidents would not stay longer than two years either.) The school made significant strides during his years in office, but he would receive reproving counsel from Mrs. White concerning his tenure.?{PCO ii.8}

§19 弗雷德·R·罗杰斯(1869-1920)：罗杰斯在1904-1905年担任奥克伍德的校长。他在奥克伍德就职之前，曾是南方圣工一位勤奋的工人，担任基督复临安息日会密西西比传道学院的院长，并与雅各·爱德森·怀特和他的晨星号布道船上的船员们一同工作。{PCO ii.9}

§20 Fred R. Rogers?(1869-1920) Rogers served as Oakwood’s principal from 1904-1905. Before taking up his post at Oakwood, Rogers was a diligent worker in the Southern cause, serving as the superintendent of SDA mission schools in Mississippi, and working with James Edson White and his?Morning Star?boat crew.?{PCO ii.9}

§21 雅各·爱德森·怀特(1849-1928)：怀雅各和怀爱伦的次子，爱德森是南方圣工的首要捍卫者。他于1894年开始福音布道的努力，建造了一艘名为“晨星号”的创新汽船。他沿着密西西比河从一个城市航行到别一个城市，在身后留下了为黑人创建的基督复临安息日会学校和教会。他选择了这种安全、机动、有吸引力的见证媒介。爱德森将他母亲关于南方圣工的著作编辑成了一本名为《南方工作》的手册。爱德森的成功和影响力帮助促进了奥克伍德的建立。{PCO ii.10}

§22 James Edson White?(1849-1928): The second son of James and Ellen White, Edson was the premier champion of the Southern cause. He began his evangelistic efforts in 1894 by constructing an innovative steamboat called the?Morning Star.?He sailed the steamer from city to city along the Mississippi River, leaving SDA schools and churches for black people in his wake. He chose this witnessing medium for safety, mobility, and drawing appeal. Edson compiled his mother’s writings on the Southern cause into one handy volume called?The Southern Work.?Edson’s successes and influence helped to facilitate the establishment of Oakwood.?{PCO ii.10}

§23 主要地点Key Places

§24 田纳西州格雷斯维尔：这个乡村小镇是乔治·A·科尔科德于1891年开办基督复临安息日会学校的地方。然后，一所寄宿学校和附近的疗养院——格雷斯维尔专科学校将搬到查塔努加东部的地产，成为南方高等专科学院，然后成为南方宣教学院，最终成为南方复临大学。这个地区是复临教会初期培训工人的一个重要地点。它位于中心地带，距纳什维尔和亨茨维尔大约一百英里。{PCO iii.1}

§25 Graysville, Tennessee:?This small country town was where George A. Colcord opened a Seventh-day Adventist school in 1891. Then a boarding academy with an adjacent sanitarium, Graysville Academy would move to property east of Chattanooga and become Southern Junior College, then Southern Missionary College, and finally Southern Adventist University. This area was a crucial spot in the early days of the movement in the training of Adventist workers. It is centrally located, roughly one hundred miles from both Nashville and Huntsville.?{PCO iii.1}

§26 阿拉巴马州亨茨维尔：基督复临安息日会为非洲裔美国人开办的第一个高等教育机构——奥克伍德教育机构所在地。阿拉巴马州亨茨维尔是一座历史上以其种族观点进步而闻名的城市，最近又以其技术进步而闻名。它曾经是现在仍是奥克伍德教育事业的理想地点。亨茨维尔位于阿拉巴马州北部，是纳什维尔-亨茨维尔-格雷斯维尔三角的南部。{PCO iii.2}

§27 Huntsville, Alabama:?The home of the Oakwood educational institution, the first Seventh-day Adventist higher education institution for African Americans. Huntsville, Alabama, is a city that has historically been noted for being progressive in its racial views and, more recently, for its technological advancement. It was/is an ideal location for the Oakwood educational enterprise. Huntsville, situated in the northern part of Alabama, is the southern part of the Nashville-Huntsville-Graysville triangle.?{PCO iii.2}

§28 田纳西州麦迪逊：位于纳什维尔东北十英里处，麦迪逊是南方基督复临安息日会早期一个重要地点。麦迪逊地产（常被称为麦迪逊农场）于1904年在内莉·德瑞拉德的经济援助和怀爱伦的预言性异象的帮助下被购买下来。由爱德·A·萨瑟兰和珀西·T·马根带头，麦迪逊小分队将在南方建立一批学校、医院、实业和教会。{PCO iii.3}

§29 Madison, Tennessee:?Located ten miles northeast of Nashville, Madison was an important spot in early Southern Seventh-day Adventism. The Madison property (often referred to as the Madison Farm) was purchased in 1904 with the financial assistance of Nellie Druillard and the prophetic vision of Ellen White. Spearheaded by Edward A. Sutherland and Percy T. Magan, the Madison contingent would spawn a collection of schools, hospitals, industries and churches around the South.?{PCO iii.3}

§30 田纳西州纳什维尔：田纳西的首府纳什维尔是基督复临安息日会迅速发展的南方工作的轴心。第一个黑人会众之家，在埃奇菲尔德交叉口，纳什维尔后来还成了基督复临安息日会两个区会（墨西哥湾沿岸各州区会和南方中心区会）和第一所黑人医院（河畔疗养院）所在地。学校坐落在亨茨维尔和格雷斯维尔的一个主要因素是它们靠近纳什维尔。{PCO iii.4}

§31 Nashville, Tennessee:?The capital of Tennessee, Nashville was the hub of the burgeoning Southern work in the Seventh-day Adventist movement. Home of the first black congregation, at Edgefield Junction, Nashville would also later become home to two SDA conferences (Gulf States Conference and South Central Conference) and the first SDA hospital for blacks (Riverside Sanitarium). A major factor in the location of schools at Huntsville and Graysville was their proximity to Nashville.?{PCO iii.4}

§32 术语释义Key References

§33 舍己奉献箱：这是安息日复临信徒家中的小箱子，其中存放为南方黑人工作捐的钱。这种创新的做法在1904年受到怀爱伦的鼓励。{PCO iv.1}

§34 Self-denial boxes:?These were small boxes in the homes of Seventh-day Adventists in which monetary contributions were to be placed for the black work in the South. This innovative practice was encouraged by Ellen White in 1904.?{PCO iv.1}

§35 火灾：1906年10月11日，奥克伍德校园的礼拜堂被火灾完全烧毁。一个名叫威尔·威林厄姆（又名约翰，阿尔弗雷德）的学生死了。没有其他人受伤。{PCO iv.2}

§36 The fire:?On October 11, 1906, Chapel Hall on the Oakwood campus was totally consumed by fire. One student, Will (aka John, Alfred) Willingham, perished. No one else was harmed.?{PCO iv.2}

§37 孤儿院：在怀爱伦的敦促下，奥克伍德接管了司提反·N·赫斯格夫人于1911年间建造的一家孤儿院。这家孤儿院接纳了有不幸背景的黑人孩子，照顾和教育他们。许多孤儿后来将进入奥克伍德小学和培训学校。这家孤儿院于1930年关门。{PCO iv.3}

§38 The orphanage:?Upon the urging of Ellen White, Oakwood assumed management of an orphanage constructed by Mrs. Stephen N. Haskell in 1911. This orphanage took in black children of unfortunate backgrounds, caring for and educating them. A number of the orphans would later attend the Oakwood primary and training school. The orphanage closed its doors in 1930.?{PCO iv.3}

§39 疗养院：也是由于怀爱伦的劝勉而开办的，奥克伍德疗养院，一栋简朴的两层楼，在马丁·M·马丁森的领导下，于1910年夏天开始了一个护理和医学培训项目。疗养院培训了护士和医务工作者并向整个社会提供医疗援助。疗养院有一段动荡的历史，并在1937年关闭。{PCO iv.4}

§40 The sanitarium:?Also started as a result of the counsel of Ellen White, the Oakwood Sanitarium, a modest two-story building, began a nursing and medical training program in the summer of 1910 under the leadership of Martin M. Martinson. The sanitarium trained nurses and medical workers and offered medical assistance to the community at large. The sanitarium had a tumultuous history, and in 1937 it was closed.?{PCO iv.4}

§41 奥克伍德名称Oakwood Names奥克伍德正式名称

§42 Official Names of Oakwood

§43 奥克伍德技工学校(1896)奥克伍德手工艺培训学校(1904)奥克伍德高等专科学校(1917)奥克伍德学院(1943){PCO v.1}

§44 Oakwood Industrial School (1896) Oakwood Manual Training School (1904) Oakwood Junior College (1917) Oakwood College (1943)?{PCO v.1}

§45 怀爱伦用过的奥克伍德名字

§46 Names for Oakwood used by Ellen White

§47 亨茨维尔，亨茨维尔学校农场，我们的黑人学校，我们在亨茨维尔的农场，亨茨维尔学校，技工学校，亨茨维尔的机构，上帝的农场，奥克伍德事业，奥克伍德农场？奥克伍德学校，奥克伍德学校农场，学校，在亨茨维尔的学校，在亨茨维尔这里的培训学校{PCO v.2}

§48 Huntsville Huntsville School Farm our school for the colored people our school in Huntsville the farm the Huntsville School the Industrial School the institution at Huntsville the Lord’s farm the Oakwood enterprises the Oakwood Farm? the Oakwood School the Oakwood School Farm the school the school at Huntsville the school here at Huntsville Training School?{PCO v.2}

§49 奥克伍德大事年表Oakwood Timeline早年：1891-1915

§50 The Early Years: 1891-1915

§51 这份与奥克伍德有关的关键事件的年表涵盖了1891至1915年的25年期间，1915年是怀爱伦去世的那一年（1915年7月16日）。{PCO vi.1}

§52 This chronological outline of key events pertaining to Oakwood covers the 25-year period from 1891 to 1915, the year of Ellen White’s death (July 16, 1915).?{PCO vi.1}

§53 18911891

§54 怀爱伦于1891年在密歇根州巴特克里克举行的大会上发表了《我们对有色人种的责任》的历史性讲话，她在会上敦促教会开展南方工作。{PCO vi.2}

§55 Ellen White delivers historic address “Our Duty to the Colored People” to the General Conference session in Battle Creek, Michigan, in 1891 in which she urges the church to develop the work in the South.?{PCO vi.2}

§56 18931893

§57 爱德森·怀特第一次读到以小册形式印刷的《我们对有色人种的责任》并献身于南方的黑人工作。{PCO vi.3}

§58 Edson White reads?Our Duty to the Colored People?for the first time in tract form and dedicates his life to the black work in the South.?{PCO vi.3}

§59 18941894

§60 爱德森·怀特和威尔·帕默通过晨星号汽船开始教育南方黑人，向他们传福音，并且建立了布道学校，后来成了奥克伍德的生源学校。{PCO vi.4}

§61 Edson White and Will Palmer via the?Morning Star?steamship begin to educate and evangelize Southern Blacks and found mission schools that later became feeder schools for Oakwood.?{PCO vi.4}

§62 18951895

§63 基督复临安息日会的首位黑人先驱查尔斯·M·金尼推荐比斯利庄园作为奥克伍德的所在地。{PCO vi.5}

§64 Premier black SDA pioneer Charles M. Kinney recommends the Beasley estate as the site for Oakwood.?{PCO vi.5}

§65 南方传教会开办，由爱德森·怀特领导，致力于为南方黑人工作。这个组织是南方联合会的前身，是奥克伍德的坚定支持者。{PCO vi.6}

§66 Southern Missionary Society, devoted to working for Blacks in the South, is begun, headed by Edson White. This organization is the precursor to the Southern Union Conference and was a strong supporter of Oakwood.?{PCO vi.6}

§67 怀爱伦鼓励总会领袖们继续推进奥克伍德学校的建设。{PCO vi.7}

§68 Ellen White encourages General Conference leaders to move forward with the Oakwood School.?{PCO vi.7}

§69 1895年秋Autumn 1895

§70 总会派奥利·A·奥尔森、乔治A·欧文和哈门·林赛评估比斯利庄园。{PCO vi.8}

§71 The General Conference sends Ole A. Olsen, George A. Irwin, and Harmon Lindsay to assess the Beasley estate.?{PCO vi.8}

§72 1896年1月23日January 23, 1896总会购买了亨茨维尔地产。{PCO vi.9}

§73 The Huntsville property is purchased by the General Conference.?{PCO vi.9}

§74 1896年4月3日April 3, 1896

§75 梭伦·雅各布斯来到这里，成为奥克伍德技工学校的第一任校长。{PCO vi.10}

§76 Solon Jacobs arrives to become the first principal of the Oakwood Industrial School.?{PCO vi.10}

§77 1896年11月16日November 16, 1896奥克伍德技工学校开幕。{PCO vi.11}

§78 Oakwood Industrial School opens.?{PCO vi.11}

§79 男生宿舍开放。{PCO vi.12}

§80 Boys’ dormitory opens.?{PCO vi.12}

§81 18971897亨利·H·肖成为奥克伍德的校长。{PCO vi.13}

§82 Henry H. Shaw becomes principal of Oakwood.?{PCO vi.13}

§83 18991899建造了教堂/自修室。{PCO vi.14}

§84 Chapel/Study Hall built.?{PCO vi.14}

§85 本杰明·E·尼古拉开始作校长。{PCO vi.15}

§86 Benjamin E. Nicola begins as principal.?{PCO vi.15}

§87 奥克伍德的学生认真地开始了文字布道的工作。{PCO vi.16}

§88 Colporteur work begun in earnest by Oakwood students.?{PCO vi.16}

§89 19011901

§90 奥克伍德的农副产品销售支付了学校的所有开支且有净利润。{PCO vi.17}

§91 Oakwood’s agricultural sales pay all of school’s expenses and net a profit.?{PCO vi.17}

§92 19021902西厅完工了。{PCO vi.18}

§93 West Hall is finished.?{PCO vi.18}

§94 19041904改名为奥克伍德手工艺培训学校。{PCO vii.1}

§95 Name changed to Oakwood Manual Training School.?{PCO vii.1}

§96 弗雷德·R·罗杰斯成为校长。{PCO vii.2}

§97 Fred R. Rogers becomes principal.?{PCO vii.2}

§98 夏季学院和讲习班在奥克伍德开始。{PCO vii.3}

§99 Summer institutes and workshops begin at Oakwood.?{PCO vii.3}

§100 洛蒂·布莱克，基督复临安息日会第一位黑人医学博士，加入奥克伍德教职员工，成为第一位黑人教师，第一位拥有博士学位的人。{PCO vii.4}

§101 Lottie Blake, the first Black Seventh-day Adventist MD, joins the Oakwood teaching staff as the first Black teacher and the first with a doctorate.?{PCO vii.4}

§102 路易斯·谢菲和威廉·布兰登是第一批入坐奥克伍德学校董事会的黑人。{PCO vii.5}

§103 Louis Sheafe and William Brandon are the first blacks to sit on the Oakwood School Board.?{PCO vii.5}

§104 1904年6月末*Late June 1904*

§105 怀爱伦第一次访问奥克伍德，她向奥克伍德的学生团体发表了两次演讲。*?{PCO vii.6}

§106 Ellen White’s first visit to Oakwood; she delivers two addresses to the Oakwood student body.*?{PCO vii.6}

§107 1905-19061905-1906G.H.巴伯尔开始作校长。{PCO vii.7}

§108 G.H. Baber starts as principal.?{PCO vii.7}

§109 “森尼赛德”(教师小屋)完工。{PCO vii.8}

§110 “Sunnyside” (a teacher’s cottage) completed.?{PCO vii.8}

§111 “希尔托普”(教员小屋)完工。{PCO vii.9}

§112 “Hilltop” (a faculty cottage) completed.?{PCO vii.9}

§113 “奥克劳恩”(校长住房)完工。{PCO vii.10}

§114 “Oaklawn” (principal’s housing) completed.?{PCO vii.10}

§115 印刷店完工。{PCO vii.11}

§116 Print shop completed.?{PCO vii.11}

§117 19061906

§118 沃尔特·J·布莱克担任校长。奥克伍德火灾：教堂被烧毁。{PCO vii.12}

§119 Walter J. Blake assumes principal position. Oakwood fire: Chapel Hall burns to the ground.?{PCO vii.12}

§120 19081908巴特勒大厅建成。{PCO vii.13}

§121 Butler Hall erected.?{PCO vii.13}

§122 19091909奥克伍德的第一批毕业生。{PCO vii.14}

§123 Oakwood’s first graduates.?{PCO vii.14}

§124 疗养院大楼完工。{PCO vii.15}

§125 Sanitarium building finished.?{PCO vii.15}

§126 4月底：怀爱伦再次访问奥克伍德。{PCO vii.16}

§127 Late April: Ellen White visits Oakwood again.?{PCO vii.16}

§128 1910年夏Summer 1910奥克伍德疗养院开张。{PCO vii.17}

§129 Oakwood sanitarium opens.?{PCO vii.17}

§130 19111911奥克伍德孤儿院开张。{PCO vii.18}

§131 Oakwood orphanage opens.?{PCO vii.18}

§132 克拉伦斯·博伊德开始作校长。{PCO vii.19}

§133 Clarence Boyd begins as principal.?{PCO vii.19}

§134 餐厅完工了。{PCO vii.20}

§135 Dining hall finished.?{PCO vii.20}

§136 19121912奥克伍德毕业生初次牧养学生。{PCO vii.21}

§137 Oakwood graduates first ministerial student.?{PCO vii.21}

§138 “松树”(教师公寓)建成。{PCO vii.22}

§139 “The Pines” (a teacher’s apartment building) is erected.?{PCO vii.22}

§140 19141914亨德森厅(女子宿舍)建成。{PCO vii.23}

§141 Henderson Hall (women’s dormitory) is built.?{PCO vii.23}

§142 19151915新的洗衣房建成。{PCO viii.1}

§143 New laundry built.?{PCO viii.1}

§144 加盖了谷仓和筒仓。{PCO viii.2}

§145 Barn and silo added.?{PCO viii.2}

§146 怀爱伦去世。{PCO viii.3}

§147 Ellen White dies.?{PCO viii.3}